Cardiopulmonary Response to Exercise in COPD and Overweight Patients: Relationship between Unloaded Cycling and Maximal Oxygen Uptake Profiles

Figure 1

The changes in cardiorespiratory variables, related to their corresponding resting levels, during the 2 min period of unloaded cycling exercise in the four groups. Normoxemic and hypoxemic subjects are identified by black and open symbols, respectively. Up to down: heart rate (HR), minute ventilation (VE), respiratory frequency (fR), and tidal volume (VT). Values are mean ± SEM. Asterisks denote the first significant change ( and ). All further variations were significant ().

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