Current and New Approaches in GMO Detection: Challenges and Solutions

Table 1

Representative examples illustrating protein-based methods targeting GMO.

Technologies	Targets	References
ELISA	CP4-EPSPS	[4]
	Cry1Ab	[10, 12, 15, 18, 20]
	Cry1Ac	[10, 14]
	Cry2A	[10]
	Cry2Ab	[19]
	Cry3A	[10, 16]
	Cry9C	[10]
	nptII	[5, 16, 22]
	CP4-EPSPS	[6, 10, 13, 22]
	pat	[10, 11, 13, 22]
	Gox	[17]
	CpTI	[21]
Immuno-PCR	Cry1Ac	[23]
	p35S	[24]
	tNOS	[24]

CP4-EPSPS (5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase gene from Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain); CpTI (trypsin inhibitor in cowpea Vigna unguiculata); Cry (gene encoding the Bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxin); Gox (glyphosate oxidoreductase gene); nptII (neomycin phosphotransferase II gene); p35S (promoter of the 35 S cauliflower mosaic virus); tNOS (terminator of the nopaline synthase gene).