Catalysis of Rice Straw Hydrolysis by the Combination of Immobilized Cellulase from Aspergillus niger on β-Cyclodextrin-Fe₃O₄ Nanoparticles and Ionic Liquid

Figure 4

XPS spectra of total binding energies of immobilized cellulase from Aspergillus niger on Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles: (a) Fe₃O₄-(β-CDs); (b) Fe₃O₄-(β-CDs)-AP; (c) Fe₃O₄-(β-CDs)-AP-GE; (d) binding energy of Fe 2p; (e) binding energy of N 1s; (f) binding energy of C 1s. Dash line: Fe₃O₄-(β-CDs); dotted line: Fe₃O₄-(β-CDs)-AP; solid line: Fe₃O₄-(β-CDs)-AP-GE. The Fe₃O₄ MNPs were produced using the following ratio of ions and β-CDs: Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺/β-CDs = 0.33/1/1.