Review Article
Current Status of Research on Osteoporosis after Solid Organ Transplantation: Pathogenesis and Management
Table 1
Effects of immunosuppressive agents on skeleton.
| Immunosuppressive drugs | Effects on skeleton |
| Glucocorticoids | | Direct effects | Inhibit bone formation | Stimulate bone resorption | Indirect effect on skeleton | Reduce intestinal calcium absorption | Increase urinary calcium excretion | Decrease growth hormone secretion | Decrease gonadal secretion of estrogen and androgens |
| Calcineurin inhibitors | | Cyclosporine A and tacrolimus | High-turnover osteopenia with resorption exceeding formation | Sirolimus and everolimus | Inhibit bone resorption | Mycophenolate mofetil | No effect on bone volume | Azathioprine | No effect on bone volume | Mizoribine | Unknown |
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These observations are based primarily on animal studies.
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