Single-Stranded DNA Aptamers against Pathogens and Toxins: Identification and Biosensing Applications

Table 4

Summary table of ssDNA MRE targeting biological toxins and virulence factors.

Target	SELEX method		Detection method	LOD	Reference
Enterotoxin B	Magnetic beads	—	Electrochemiluminescence	10 pg	[105]
Enterotoxin B	Magnetic beads	—	—	—	[11]
Enterotoxin C1	Magnetic beads	65.14 ± 11.64 nM	Fluorescence	6 ng/mL	[106]
Cholera toxin	Magnetic beads	—	ELAA/electrochemiluminescence	10 ng; 40 ng	[105]
C. difficile toxin A/toxin B/binary toxin	Magnetic Beads/SOMAmer	Sub- to low nanomolar range	Various	1 pmol/L	[109]
C. difficile binary toxin	Sandwich SELEX/SOMAmer	0.02–2.7 nM	Sandwich assays	Low picomolar	[110]
C. difficile toxin B	Magnetic beads	47.3 ± 13.7 nM	Modified ELISA	50 nM	[111]
CFP-10.ESAT-6 heterodimer	Nitrocellulose	Low nanomolar range	Colorimetric (ELONA)	100% sensitivity, 68.75% specificity	[9]
CFP-10.ESAT-6 heterodimer	Microwell plate	375 nM/160 nM	Colorimetric (ELONA)	89.6–100% sensitivity, 94.1% specificity	[115]
MPT64; TB protein	Microwell plate	—	Sandwich assays	—	[117]
Protective antigen	CE-SELEX	112 nM	Electrochemical (SWNT)	1 nM	[119]
Protective antigen	Membrane filtration	Nanomolar range	ELISA	—	[120]
Botulinum neurotoxin type A heavy chain peptide/toxoid	Single microbead	Nano- to micromolar range	—	—	[30]
Botulinum neurotoxin type A light chain	Microfluidic-SELEX	Low nanomolar range	—	—	[32]
Botulinum neurotoxin type A light chain	Magnetic beads	—	Fluorescence	1 ng/mL	[122]
Microcystin	Sepharose gel	: 10^3 M^−1	SPR	—	[123]
Cylindrospermopsin	Sepharose beads	88.78 nM	Electrochemical	100 pM	[125]
Saxitoxin	Magnetic beads	—	—	—	[145]
Okadaic acid	Magnetic beads	77 nM	Electrochemical	70 pg/mL	[12]
Ochratoxin A	Agarose resin	200 nM	Fluorescence polarization	5 nM	[146, 147]
Ochratoxin A	Magnetic beads	96–293 nM	ELAA	1 ng/mL	[148]
Ochratoxin A	Sepharose beads	High nanomolar range	Fluorescence	9 nM	[149]
Fumonisin B1	Magnetic beads	100 nM	—	—	[13]
Zearalenone	Magnetic beads	41 ± 5 nM	Fluorescence	0.785 nM	[150]
T-2 toxin	GO-SELEX	20.8 ± 3.1 nM	Fluorescence	0.4 µM	[151]
Aflatoxin B1	Magnetic beads	11.39 ± 1.27 nM	Fluorescence	35 ng/L	[152]
Aflatoxin B1/M1	Magnetic beads	96–221 nM; 35–1515 nM	Colorimetric/AuNPs	250–500 nM (Aflatoxin M1)	[153]
Alpha-bungarotoxin	1 step SELEX	7.58 µM	—	—	[31]
Alpha toxin	Magnetic beads	93.7 ± 7 nM	Modified ELISA	200 nM	[154]
Alpha toxin	Filter	—	—	—	[155]