|
Target | Detection methods | Enhancers | LOD | Relevant sample | Reference |
|
Prion protein | Resonance light scattering | Gold nanoparticles | 0.01 nM | Human serum | [184] |
|
Clostridium difficile Toxin A | Electrochemical impedance | Horseradish peroxidase | 1 nM | — | [185] |
|
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B | Electrochemical impedance | Horseradish peroxidase | 0.24 ng/mL | Human serum | [186] |
|
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B | Surface-enhanced Raman scattering | Gold nanoparticles | 224 aM | Milk, blood, urine | [187] |
|
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B | Piezoresistive microcantilevers | — | 6 ng/mL | Skim milk | [188] |
|
E. coli outer membranes proteins | Evanescent wave fiber optic | — | 0.1 nM | Environmental water | [189] |
|
E. coli outer membranes proteins | Electrochemical impedance | — | 100 nM | Environmental water | [190] |
|
Botulinum neurotoxin, type A | Electrochemical redox current | Horseradish peroxidase | 40 pg/mL | — | [191] |
|
Aflatoxin B1 | RT-qPCR | — | 25 fg/mL | Chinese wild rye hay, infant rice cereal | [192] |
|
Aflatoxin B1 | Fluorescence dipstick | — | 0.3 ng/g | Corn | [193] |
|
Aflatoxin M1 | Electrochemical redox current | Magnetic nanoparticles | 8 ng/L | Milk | [194] |
|
Ochratoxin A | Colorimetric | — | 20 nM | — | [195] |
|
Ochratoxin A | Electrochemical impedance | Graphene oxide, gold nanoparticles | 0.74 pM | Red wine | [196] |
|
Ochratoxin A | Fluorescence | — | 1 ng/mL | Beer | [197] |
|
Ochratoxin A | Electrochemical redox current | Gold nanoparticles | 0.75 pM | Red wine | [198] |
|
Ochratoxin A | Electrochemiluminescence | Loop-mediated isothermal amplification | 10 fM | Red wine | [199] |
|
Ochratoxin A | Fluorescence | — | 2 pg/mL | Wheat | [200] |
|
Ochratoxin A | Localized surface plasmon resonance | — | 1 nM | Corn powder | [201] |
|
Ochratoxin A | RT-qPCR | — | 1 fg/mL | Red wine | [202] |
|
Ochratoxin A | Fluorescence | — | 0.2 ng/mL | Red wine | [203] |
|
Ochratoxin A | Chemiluminescence | Nicking endonuclease | 0.3 pg/mL | Wheat | [204] |
|
Ochratoxin A | Electrochemical impedance | — | 0.25 ng/mL | Beer | [205] |
|
Ochratoxin A | Electrochemical redox current | — | 0.1 ng/mL | Beer | [206] |
|
Ochratoxin A | Electrochemical impedance | — | 0.12 ng/mL | Beer | [207] |
|
Ochratoxin A | Electrochemical differential pulse voltammetry | Horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, superparamagnetic nanoparticles | 0.15 ng/mL | Red wine | [208] |
|
Ochratoxin A | Electrochemical flow-based | — | 0.05 µg/L | Beer | [209] |
|
Ochratoxin A | Colorimetric lateral flow | Gold nanoparticles | 1 ng/mL, 0.18 ng/mL | Red wine | [210] |
|
Ochratoxin A | Fluorescence lateral flow | Quantum dots | 1.9 ng/mL | Red wine | [211] |
|
Ochratoxin A | Electrochemical electric current | Horseradish peroxidase | 0.07 ± 0.01 ng/mL | Wheat | [212] |
|
Ochratoxin A | Electrochemical redox current | Gold nanoparticles | 30 pg/mL | Red wine | [213] |
|
Ochratoxin A | Electrochemical impedance | Horseradish peroxidase | 0.4 pg/mL | Wheat | [214] |
|
Ochratoxin A | Electrochemical redox current | — | 0.095 pg/mL | Red wine | [215] |
|
Ochratoxin A | Chemiluminescence | Upconversion nanoparticles | 0.1 pg/mL | Maize | [216] |
|
Ochratoxin A | Electrochemical impedance | Silver nanoparticles | 0.05 nM | Beer | [217] |
|
Ochratoxin A | Electrochemical impedance | Loop-mediated isothermal | 0.3 pM | Red wine | [218] |
|
Ochratoxin A | Fluorescence | — | 0.8 ng/mL | Corn | [219] |
|
Ochratoxin A | Fluorescence | Single-stranded signal probes | 20 pg/mL | Wheat | [220] |
|
Ochratoxin A | Fluorescence | Terbium | 0.08–5.42 ng/mL | Wheat | [221] |
|
Ochratoxin A | Electrochemical impedance | Redox probe | 0.12–0.4 nM | Coffee, flour, wine | [222] |
|
Ochratoxin A | Fluorescence resonance energy transfer | — | 2 pg/mL | Maize flour | [223] |
|
Ochratoxin A | Electrochemical redox current | Exonuclease digestion | 1.0 pg/mL | Wheat starch | [224] |
|
Ochratoxin A | Electrochemical electric current | Rolling circle amplification | 0.2 pg/mL | Red wine | [225] |
|
Ochratoxin A | Fluorescence | — | 21.8 nM | Red wine | [226] |
|
Ochratoxin A | Electrochemiluminescence | Gold nanoparticles | 0.007 ng/mL | Wheat | [227] |
|
Ochratoxin A | Colorimetric | — | 2.5 nM | Red wine | [228] |
|
Ochratoxin A | Colorimetric | — | 4 nM | Red wine | [229] |
|
Ochratoxin A | Fluorescence | — | 24.1 nM | Beer | [230] |
|
Ochratoxin A | Electrochemical impedance | — | 0.1 ng/mL | — | [231] |
|
Ochratoxin A | Fluorescence | — | 0.01 ng/mL | Maize flour | [232] |
|