Improvement in dual task performance is correlated with increased activity in left ventral prefrontal cortex and decreased activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Both reaction time and accuracy improved most in the dual task intervention group Young and old adults showed the same degree of performance improvement after intervention.
Adaptive working memory training. Control group: low level fixed working memory training
All participants decreased brain activity Participants who profit the most showed the largest decreases in intervention related brain areas and largest increase in caudate
Both groups Improved in span board backward, digit span backward, PASAT, RAVLT No intervention related performance gains for in scanner task Intervention group showed training related improvement in span board backward task and PASAT compared to controls
Better performance in single tasking correlated with decreased activity in right inferior and middle frontal gyrus In the strategic control of attention condition, a better ability to modulate attention according to task instruction correlated with increased activity in Brodmann area 10
All intervention groups improved in reaction time and accuracy for alphanumeric task, no effect for visual detection task Both dual task conditions better performance dual tasking compared to single task intervention group Strategic control of attention condition significant effect of task instruction. They were able to modify attention according to instruction.
Encoding: increased activity in intervention related brain areas, decreased activity higher visual areas, and frontal areas Recognition: increased activity in intervention related brain areas, decreased activity higher visual areas, and frontal areas
Encoding healthy elderly: decreased activity in brain areas related to intervention. Encoding MCI: increased activity in brain areas related to intervention Retrieval healthy elderly and MCI: increased activity new brain areas and accumulated activity in specialized areas both related to intervention.
Encoding MCI: increased activity left hippocampal body Retrieval MCI: increased activity hippocampal body and tail bilaterally Healthy controls: decreased activity right hippocampal body
MCI group and healthy controls improved in encoding and retrieving trained object locations. No intervention effect for untrained object locations.
(1) Social support (2) Cognitive training (3) Cognitive training + pyritinol (4) Cognitive training + phosphatidylserine
EEG: increased global power gr 3 + 4 Decreased delta power gr 4 PET: significant correlation MMSE score and glucose metabolism tempero-parietal cortex. Gr. 4 increased activity primary visual cortex during intervention, but not at the end of the intervention
Gr 4 more responders and significant higher scores on orientation than gr 1 + 2 in week 8 + 16. At the end of the intervention (6 months) there were no differences.
MCI controls: decreased activity in brain regions typically impaired in AD MCI intervention: no declines AD controls: decreased activity in brain regions typically impaired in AD AD intervention: decreased activity in 2 clusters; lingual gyrus, left inferior temporal gyrus
Intervention group: increased activity anterior cingulate bilateral, left inferior temporal cortex. Correlation between increased act anterior cingulate and improvement social and communication scales brse
Intervention group: improved in social and communication scales (brse)
The amplitudes of the recognition potential (negative potential) were significantly increased on the left sides of posterior regions for high frequency words
A marginally significant improvement on the verbal reasoning score No significant treatment effect on the dementia screening tests, four out of five cognitive tasks, and the independent functioning questionnaires.
Intervention group Encoding: no significant changes. Recognition: significant increased activity bilateral prefrontal areas and the bilateral insula Control group Recognition: decreased activity in bilateral prefrontal areas and the bilateral insula
Intervention group improved on satisfaction and performance of individual goals (COPM) No treatment effect on the in scanner face-name association task
Postintervention: increased activity bilateral superior temporal gyrus (right > left), right lentiform nucleus, and thalamus
Intervention group showed clinical relevant improvement in NPI, language, and memory scales of ADAS-cog No significant change in functional status or physical well-being Long-term follow-up: improvement in the language and memory scales of the ADAS-cog is preserved
Legenda: qol: quality of life. MMSE: minimental state examination. ADAS cog: dementia screening test. BRSE: scale for social and communication skills. GDS: geriatric depression scale.