Research Article

Cholesteryl Pullulan Encapsulated TNF-α Nanoparticles Are an Effective Mucosal Vaccine Adjuvant against Influenza Virus

Table 3

Antibody titer in blood plasma.

Anti-IVV antibody titer in plasma (U/mL)
MaleFemale
Adjuvant SalineTNF/CHPTNF/CHPSalineTNF/CHPTNF/CHP
VaccineSalineSalineIVVSalineSalineIVV

Week
 1n.d.n.d.n.d.n.d.n.d.n.d.
 2n.d.n.d.140.0 ± 93.0n.d.n.d.292.0 ± 146.0
 4n.d.n.d.1807.0 ± 795.0n.d.n.d.2334.0 ± 609.0
 4 + 2n.d.n.d.7602.0 ± 2265.0n.d.n.d.10695.0 ± 4045.0

The vaccine (IVV 0.3 µg/mouse) and adjuvant preparation (TNF/CHP nanoparticles 5 µg/mouse as TNF-α) were nasally administered to mice once a week up to 4 weeks. After that, 2 weeks of cessation period was set (4 + 2 weeks). Blood plasma was prepared and the anti-IVV IgG1 antibody was titrated (). n.d., not detected.