The Effect of Various Types of Motorcycle Helmets on Cervical Spine Injury in Head Injury Patients: A Multicenter Study in Taiwan

Table 1

Univariate comparison between case and control groups in helmet use, helmet types, and other covariates ( = 5225).

Variables	No CSI		CSI		value
	= 5052		= 173
		%		%
Male	3115	61.8	122	70.5	.021
Age
17–24	1602	31.7	48	27.7	.232
25–44	1657	32.8	61	35.3
45–64	1245	24.6	38	22.0
≧65	548	10.9	26	15.0
Helmet use^1	4644	91.9	132	76.3	<.001
Helmet types^2
No	408	8.1	41	23.7	<.001
Full coverage	1259	24.9	28	16.2
Partial coverage	3385	67.0	104	60.1
Driver	4644	94.4	157	96.3	.282
Ambulance delivery	3920	81.9	148	91.4	.002
Transferred from another hospital	931	19.0	35	20.6	.603
Hospitalization due to HI in the past 5 years	108	2.4	3	1.8	1.000
Glasgow Coma Scale
13–15	3991	79.5	123	73.2	.130
9–12	504	10.1	21	12.5
≦8	523	10.4	24	14.3
HI-induced neurological impairment	386	7.8	27	15.9	<.001
Thoracic spine injury	50	1.0	10	5.8	<.001
Lumbar spine injury	21	0.4	5	2.9	<.001
Skull fracture	655	13.1	26	15.0	.456
Facial fracture	1048	20.7	21	12.1	.006
Chest injury	398	7.9	24	13.9	.004
Abdominal injury	120	2.4	6	3.5	.312

Only for Model 1.
²Only for Model 2.
CSI: cervical spine injury; HI: head injury.