Temporal Trends and Predictors of Modern Contraceptive Use in Lusaka, Zambia, 2004–2011

Table 1

Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of 16–50-year-old nonpregnant female heads of household by contraceptive status in Lusaka District, Zambia, 2004–2011.

	Women using modern contraception; ( = 17,605)	Women not using modern contraception; ( = 11,871)	value
Age, %			<0.001^1
16–24	26.9	18.8
25–30	36.6	28.1
31–39	28.3	29.2
40–50	8.3	24.0
Education, %			<0.001^1
None	3.4	5.1
Primary	38.9	39.2
Secondary	57.7	55.7
Marital status, %			<0.001^1
Married/cohabitating	92.2	61.7
Single/divorced/widowed	7.8	38.3
Religion, %			0.538^1
Christian	99.2	99.1
Other	0.8	0.9
Living children, mean (SD)	2.76 (0.02)	2.92 (0.03)	<0.001^2
None	4.1%	17.2%	<0.001^1
≥1	95.9%	82.8%
Socioeconomic status, %			0.002^1
Low	40.5	42.2
Medium	39.3	36.6
High	20.2	21.2
Household decision maker, %			<0.001^1
Woman	61.4	72.4
Husband/male partner	22.4	14.9
Decision made jointly	16.0	11.7
Other	0.3	1.0
Voluntary counseling and testing, %			<0.001^1
Ever	79.2	59.5
Never	20.8	40.5
HIV knowledge, %			<0.001^1
All questions correct	68.5	64.6
Not all questions correct	31.5	35.4
HIV self-risk perception, %			<0.001^1
No risk	36.3	47.7
At risk	50.7	37.8
Unknown	13.0	14.5
Survey year, %			<0.001^1
2004	7.8	10.1
2005	15.1	20.1
2006	8.0	9.0
2007	26.3	25.0
2008	8.4	8.1
2010	8.9	6.6
2011	25.6	21.2

test.
Wilcoxon test.
The household wealth index was created using principal components analysis based on asset variables, electricity, energy source, type of floor, number of rooms, and water and sanitation variables similar to the demographic and health surveys.
As in the 2007 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey, interviewees were considered to have comprehensive knowledge of HIV if they correctly answered five questions about HIV transmission risk and so indicated that they knew that HIV cannot be transmitted through mosquitoes, HIV cannot be transmitted by witchcraft, HIV transmission risk can be reduced through condom use, HIV transmission can be reduced by having one HIV-negative sex partner, and a healthy-looking person can have HIV.