Epigenetics of Meningiomas

Table 2

Epigenetic changes and their supposed role in meningiomas.

Epigenetic alterations	Affected genes	Distribution between WHO grades	Possible effects in meningioma
Promoter methylation	TIMP3	Grades 1 < 2 < 3	Associated with tumour progression and aggressiveness parameters
	HOXA7, HOXA9, and HOXA10	Grades 1 < 2 < 3	Associated with tumour progression and aggressiveness parameters
	RASSF1A	Grades 1 < 2 < 3	Associated with the malignant transformation of a meningioma
	TP73	Grades 1 < 2 < 3	Associated with the malignant transformation of a meningioma
	NDRG2	Grades 1 < 2 < 3	Associated with malignant progression and predisposition to recurrence
	MAL2	Grade 1	Unknown
	IGF2BP1	Grade 2	Increases the malignant potential of tumours
	PDCD1	Grade 2	Increases the malignant potential of tumours
Disturbed chromatin regulation	KDM5C	Grades 1 and 3	Disturbed chromatin regulation
	KDM6A	Grade 2	Disturbed chromatin regulation
	SMARCB1	Grade 1	Abnormal chromatin remodelling
Abnormal microRNAs expression	miR-29c-3p	Grades 1 > 2 > 3	Associated with advanced clinical stages
	miR-219-5p	Grades 1 > 2 > 3	Associated with advanced clinical stages
	miR-190a	Grades 1 < 2 < 3	Associated with advanced clinical stages
	miR-200a	Unknown	Functions as a multifunctional tumour suppressor miRNA
	miR-145	Grades 1 > 2; 3	Has an important antimigratory and antiproliferative function