Maternal Glucose during Pregnancy and after Delivery in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus on Overweight Status of Their Children
Table 2
Mean values of scores for weight, length/height, body mass index, prevalence, and relative risk of overweight among offspring of GDM mothers at age of 1–5 years according to strata of maternal OGTT glucose at 26–30 gestational weeks and maternal diabetes status after 1–5 years of delivery.
2-hour glucose level at 26–30 gestational weeks of OGTT
for difference
Maternal glycemic status after 1–5 years of deliverya
for difference
7.8–8.69 (IGT)
8.7–11.09 (IGT)
≥11.1 (DM)
Normal glucose
Prediabetesa
Diabetesa
Number of subjects
576
581
106
780
400
83
Weight for age score
Multivariable model 1b
0.56 (0.04)
0.59 (0.04)
0.79 (0.09)
0.083
0.57 (0.04)
0.60 (0.05)
0.79 (0.11)
0.15
Multivariable model 2c
0.57 (0.04)
0.58 (0.04)
0.77 (0.09)
0.12
0.58 (0.03)
0.58 (0.05)
0.73 (0.11)
0.40
Length/height for age score
Multivariable model 1b
0.47 (0.04)
0.58 (0.04)
0.58 (0.10)
0.18
0.51 (0.04)
0.55 (0.05)
0.56 (0.12)
0.82
Multivariable model 2c
0.48 (0.04)
0.57 (0.04)
0.57 (0.10)
0.27
0.52 (0.04)
0.54 (0.05)
0.51 (0.11)
0.96
Weight for length/height score
Multivariable model 1b
0.42 (0.04)
0.39 (0.04)
0.68 (0.10)
0.029
0.40 (0.04)
0.42 (0.05)
0.69 (0.12)
0.045
Multivariable model 2c
0.42 (0.04)
0.39 (0.04)
0.67 (0.10)
0.028
0.41 (0.04)
0.41 (0.05)
0.67 (0.11)
0.096
Body mass index for age score
Multivariable model 1b
0.39 (0.04)
0.34 (0.04)
0.63 (0.10)
0.028
0.37 (0.04)
0.37 (0.05)
0.65 (0.12)
0.060
Multivariable model 2c
0.40 (0.04)
0.34 (0.04)
0.63 (0.10)
0.026
0.37 (0.04)
0.37 (0.05)
0.63 (0.12)
0.10
Change in weight for age score
Multivariable model 1b
0.17 (0.05)
0.15 (0.05)
0.27 (0.12)
0.64
0.22 (0.05)
0.10 (0.06)
0.08 (0.15)
0.28
Multivariable model 2c
0.15 (0.04)
0.16 (0.04)
0.35 (0.09)
0.12
0.16 (0.03)
0.16 (0.05)
0.31 (0.11)
0.40
Change in weight for length/height score
Multivariable model 1b
0.08 (0.06)
0.02 (0.06)
0.25 (0.14)
0.15
0.08 (0.05)
−0.02 (0.07)
0.09 (0.16)
0.53
Multivariable model 2c
0.04 (0.04)
0.01 (0.04)
0.29 (0.10)
0.039
0.03 (0.04)
0.04 (0.05)
0.28 (0.11)
0.10
Prevalence of overweightd (%)
Multivariable model 1b
23.1
20.7
31.2
0.055
22.3
22.5
26.5
0.70
Multivariable model 2c
23.2
20.6
31.0
0.053
22.5
22.3
25.8
0.78
Relative risk of overweight
Multivariable model 1b
1.00
0.87 (0.65–1.16)
1.56 (0.99–2.50)
0.047
1.00
1.01 (0.75–1.36)
1.25 (0.73–2.14)
0.72
Multivariable model 2c
1.00
0.86 (0.64–1.15)
1.55 (0.98–2.49)
0.046
1.00
0.99 (0.73–1.33)
1.20 (0.70–2.06)
0.78
Data represent mean (SE) or percentage.
aPrediabetes was defined as plasma fasting glucose 5.6–6.9 mmol/L and/or 2 h glucose 7.8–11.0 mmol/L; diabetes was defined as fasting glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L or 2 h glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L.
bMultivariable model 1 was adjusted for maternal age, prepregnancy BMI, weight gain during pregnancy, family history of diabetes, marital status, education, income, gestational age at delivery, and infant feeding.
cMultivariable model 2 was adjusted for above variables and also birth weight for gestational age score or birth weight for length for gestational age score in the analysis of change in weight for age score and weight for length/height score.
dOverweight is defined as a body mass index more than the 85th percentiles for age and gender using the WHO growth reference.
