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Formulation | Cancer model | Effect | IC50 | Reference |
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α-TOS-HDL | A549 lung cancer cells in vitro, LL2 mouse lung cancer in vivo | High capacity of α-TOS uptake via the SR-BI receptor, inhibition of growth | 7 μg α-TOS/25 μg HDL-protein/mL medium | [59] |
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α-TOS-TPP+ (MitoVES) | T-cell lymphoma, mesothelioma, breast, colorectal, lung, and cervical cancer, neuroblastoma, FVB/N c-neu mice carrying the rat HER-2/neu proto-oncogene, and Balb c mice injected with colorectal HCT116 cells | Robust apoptosis due to mitochondrial targeting of α-TOS and production of ROS, suppression of tumors | MitoVES IC50 ranging from 0.48 to 21 μM depending on the cell line | [61] |
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α-TOS-TPP+ (MitoVES) | Mesothelioma cells in vitro and in vivo | Mitochondrial destabilization, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, generation of ROS, destabilization of respiratory supercomplexes, and suppression of mesothelioma growth in nude mice | MitoVES IC50 ranging from 0.25 to 2 μM depending on the cell line | [63] |
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TS-EPC-NVs | B16-F1 mouse melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo | Homogenous cellular uptake, enhanced cytosolic delivery and effective intratumoral distribution, induction of apoptosis in vitro, and suppression of tumor growth | N/A | [65] |
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Liposomal formulation of α-TAM | MCF-7 or B16F10 cells implanted in the peritoneum of Balb/c mice, transgenic FVB/N c-neu mice bearing spontaneous breast carcinomas | Inhibition of proliferation of cancer cells in vivo and suppression of breast carcinomas | 13.3 and 5.2 μM for MCF-4 and B16F10 cells, respectively | [69] |
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Liposomal formulation of α-TEA and 9-NC | Mouse mammary gland cell line 66 cl-4-GFP in Balb/c mice | Inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis | N/A | [70] |
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Micelle system of α-TOS-CS-PTX | MCF-7 cells in vitro, U14 cervical cancer cells in Kunming mice | Cytotoxicity in vitro, inhibition of tumor growth | N/A | [74] |
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Micelle system of α-TOS-CS-PTX | Human ovarian cancer cells in vitro | Improved micelle stability and PTX release, increased cytotoxicity | 110 and 188 ng/mL PTX-loaded micelles modified and unmodified with α-TOS, respectively | [75] |
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Nanoparticle ssPalmE loaded with VEGFR | Renal cell carcinoma (OS-RC-2-bearing mice) | Successful delivery of VEGFR and significant suppression of tumor growth | N/A | [77] |
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