Drug Delivery Innovations for Enhancing the Anticancer Potential of Vitamin E Isoforms and Their Derivatives

Table 1

Novel formulations to improve the delivery and anticancer effect of tocopherols alone and in combination with other drugs.

Formulation	Cancer model	Effect	IC50	Reference
α-TOS-HDL	A549 lung cancer cells in vitro, LL2 mouse lung cancer in vivo	High capacity of α-TOS uptake via the SR-BI receptor, inhibition of growth	7 μg α-TOS/25 μg HDL-protein/mL medium	[59]
α-TOS-TPP+ (MitoVES)	T-cell lymphoma, mesothelioma, breast, colorectal, lung, and cervical cancer, neuroblastoma, FVB/N c-neu mice carrying the rat HER-2/neu proto-oncogene, and Balb c mice injected with colorectal HCT116 cells	Robust apoptosis due to mitochondrial targeting of α-TOS and production of ROS, suppression of tumors	MitoVES IC50 ranging from 0.48 to 21 μM depending on the cell line	[61]
α-TOS-TPP+ (MitoVES)	Mesothelioma cells in vitro and in vivo	Mitochondrial destabilization, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, generation of ROS, destabilization of respiratory supercomplexes, and suppression of mesothelioma growth in nude mice	MitoVES IC50 ranging from 0.25 to 2 μM depending on the cell line	[63]
TS-EPC-NVs	B16-F1 mouse melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo	Homogenous cellular uptake, enhanced cytosolic delivery and effective intratumoral distribution, induction of apoptosis in vitro, and suppression of tumor growth	N/A	[65]
Liposomal formulation of α-TAM	MCF-7 or B16F10 cells implanted in the peritoneum of Balb/c mice, transgenic FVB/N c-neu mice bearing spontaneous breast carcinomas	Inhibition of proliferation of cancer cells in vivo and suppression of breast carcinomas	13.3 and 5.2 μM for MCF-4 and B16F10 cells, respectively	[69]
Liposomal formulation of α-TEA and 9-NC	Mouse mammary gland cell line 66 cl-4-GFP in Balb/c mice	Inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis	N/A	[70]
Micelle system of α-TOS-CS-PTX	MCF-7 cells in vitro, U14 cervical cancer cells in Kunming mice	Cytotoxicity in vitro, inhibition of tumor growth	N/A	[74]
Micelle system of α-TOS-CS-PTX	Human ovarian cancer cells in vitro	Improved micelle stability and PTX release, increased cytotoxicity	110 and 188 ng/mL PTX-loaded micelles modified and unmodified with α-TOS, respectively	[75]
Nanoparticle ssPalmE loaded with VEGFR	Renal cell carcinoma (OS-RC-2-bearing mice)	Successful delivery of VEGFR and significant suppression of tumor growth	N/A	[77]

High-density lipoprotein (HDL), triphenylphosphonium group (TPP+), TS (α-TOS), egg phosphatidylcholine (EPC), nanovesicle (NV), chitosan (CS), paclitaxel (PTX), and SS-cleavable Proton-Activated Lipid-like Material Vitamin E (ssPalmE).