Drug Delivery Innovations for Enhancing the Anticancer Potential of Vitamin E Isoforms and Their Derivatives

Table 3

TPGS-based delivery systems of anticancer drugs.

Formulation	Drug	Cancer type	Effect	IC50	Reference
Nanoparticle	DOX	MCF-7/ADR cells in vitro	Decreased P-gp activity, increased drug nuclear accumulation, and increased therapeutic efficacy	N/A	[116]
Mitochondria-targeted pH-responsive micelles	DOX	MCF-7/ADR cells in vitro and in vivo	Reduced mitochondrial transmembrane potential, synergistic cytotoxicity	DOX 73.2 μg/mL,; PDPA-TPGS-DOX 16.7 μg/mL	[117]
TPGS-mPEG-PCL micelles	Resveratrol	MCF-7/ADR cells in vitro	Increased Resveratrol uptake, enhanced apoptosis, and inhibition of P-gp activity	N/A	[118]
TPGS copolymers conjugated with Herceptin loaded with DTX	DTX	SK-BR-3 cancer cells	Targeted delivery, efficient cellular uptake, and improved cytotoxicity	Nanoparticles without Herceptin 3.29 μg/mL and with Herceptin 0.341 μg/mL	[119]
TPGS coated liposomes of DTX	DTX	C6 glioma cells	Enhanced cellular uptake and cytotoxicity	DTX alone 37.04 ± 1.05, TPGS coated liposomes 5.93 ± 0.57 μg/mL	[120]
Transferrin-conjugated TPGS micelles	DTX	MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro and in xenograft SCID mice	Targeted delivery, higher cellular uptake, higher cytotoxicity, and reduced tumor size	DTX alone 13.63 ± 0.12,; nontargeted micelles 0.89 ± 0.10, and targeted micelles 0.19 ± 0.04 μg/mL	[121]
TPGS micelle	Cisplatin	HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells	Enhanced cytotoxicity, neuroprotective effects	Cisplatin alone 3.95 μg/mL, TPGS micelle 1.36 μg/mL	[122]
TPGS-emulsified PLGA-mPEG nanoparticles	PTX	IGROV1 ovarian cancer cells in vitro and in vivo	Decreased toxicity	N/A	[123]
TPGS-emulsified polymeric nanoparticles (TENPs)	PTX	A549 lung cancer xenograft models	Inhibition of tumor growth	N/A	[124]
Dendrimer-TPGS micelles	PTX, DTX	MCF-7 and A549 cancer cells	Enhanced solubility and increased cytotoxicity	N/A	[125]
TPGS-PLA micelles	Crizotinib, Palbociclib, and Sildenafil	A549 lung cancer cells	Improved cytotoxic effect	IC50 (μM): Crizotinib 26.07, Palbociclib, 17.65, double treatment 17.47, and triple treatment 13.23	[126]
α-TOS-TPGS-2k nanoparticles	DOX	MCF-7 cells, CT26-tumor-bearing mice	Reduced cell growth, delay in tumor growth	In vitro IC50 (μM): TPGS 22 ± 2, TPGS + TOS; 10.1 ± 0.8,; TPGS + TOS + DOX; 1.4 ± 0.4	[128]
Nanoparticle	MH	A549 in vitro and in vivo	Enhanced toxicity	In vitro IC50 (μM): free MH 56.23, TPGS-MH nanoparticles 28.89	[129]

Methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)-b-polycaprolactone (mPEG-PCL), Doxorubicin (DOX), Docetaxel (DTX), paclitaxel (PTX), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), poly(lactic acid) (PLA), and Morin Hydrate (MH).