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Formulation | Drug | Cancer type | Effect | IC50 | Reference |
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Nanoparticle | DOX | MCF-7/ADR cells in vitro | Decreased P-gp activity, increased drug nuclear accumulation, and increased therapeutic efficacy | N/A | [116] |
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Mitochondria-targeted pH-responsive micelles | DOX | MCF-7/ADR cells in vitro and in vivo | Reduced mitochondrial transmembrane potential, synergistic cytotoxicity | DOX 73.2 μg/mL, PDPA-TPGS-DOX 16.7 μg/mL | [117] |
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TPGS-mPEG-PCL micelles | Resveratrol | MCF-7/ADR cells in vitro | Increased Resveratrol uptake, enhanced apoptosis, and inhibition of P-gp activity | N/A | [118] |
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TPGS copolymers conjugated with Herceptin loaded with DTX | DTX | SK-BR-3 cancer cells | Targeted delivery, efficient cellular uptake, and improved cytotoxicity | Nanoparticles without Herceptin 3.29 μg/mL and with Herceptin 0.341 μg/mL | [119] |
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TPGS coated liposomes of DTX | DTX | C6 glioma cells | Enhanced cellular uptake and cytotoxicity | DTX alone 37.04 ± 1.05, TPGS coated liposomes 5.93 ± 0.57 μg/mL | [120] |
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Transferrin-conjugated TPGS micelles | DTX | MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro and in xenograft SCID mice | Targeted delivery, higher cellular uptake, higher cytotoxicity, and reduced tumor size | DTX alone 13.63 ± 0.12, nontargeted micelles 0.89 ± 0.10, and targeted micelles 0.19 ± 0.04 μg/mL | [121] |
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TPGS micelle | Cisplatin | HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells | Enhanced cytotoxicity, neuroprotective effects | Cisplatin alone 3.95 μg/mL, TPGS micelle 1.36 μg/mL | [122] |
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TPGS-emulsified PLGA-mPEG nanoparticles | PTX | IGROV1 ovarian cancer cells in vitro and in vivo | Decreased toxicity | N/A | [123] |
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TPGS-emulsified polymeric nanoparticles (TENPs) | PTX | A549 lung cancer xenograft models | Inhibition of tumor growth | N/A | [124] |
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Dendrimer-TPGS micelles | PTX, DTX | MCF-7 and A549 cancer cells | Enhanced solubility and increased cytotoxicity | N/A | [125] |
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TPGS-PLA micelles | Crizotinib, Palbociclib, and Sildenafil | A549 lung cancer cells | Improved cytotoxic effect | IC50 (μM): Crizotinib 26.07, Palbociclib, 17.65, double treatment 17.47, and triple treatment 13.23 | [126] |
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α-TOS-TPGS-2k nanoparticles | DOX | MCF-7 cells, CT26-tumor-bearing mice | Reduced cell growth, delay in tumor growth | In vitro IC50 (μM): TPGS 22 ± 2, TPGS + TOS 10.1 ± 0.8, TPGS + TOS + DOX 1.4 ± 0.4 | [128] |
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Nanoparticle | MH | A549 in vitro and in vivo | Enhanced toxicity | In vitro IC50 (μM): free MH 56.23, TPGS-MH nanoparticles 28.89 | [129] |
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