Animal Models of Depression and Drug Delivery with Food as an Effective Dosing Method: Evidences from Studies with Celecoxib and Dicholine Succinate

Figure 4

Effects of chronic delivery via food pellets of new candidates to antidepressants in the forced swim and tail suspension tests. (a) On Day 1 of the forced swim test, as compared with control, imipramine-treated animals elicited an increase in latency to float and reduced time spent floating, and dicholine succinate-treated groups displayed an increased swim velocity. (b) On Day 2 of the forced swim test, imipramine-treated group had higher latency to float in comparison to control mice; no other differences between treated and control groups were found. (c) On Day 1 of the tail suspension test, there was a significant increase of the latency of immobility and velocity in imipramine- and dicholine succinate-treated groups, as compared to controls. All treated groups showed a significant reduction of total time spent immobile, as compared to control animals. (d) On Day 2 of the tail suspension test, in comparison to control group, an increase of the latency of immobility was found in imipramine-treated group and an increase of velocity was observed in both imipramine- and dicholine succinate-treated mice. All animals that received a treatment demonstrated a significant reduction of total time spent immobile, in comparison to control group. , , and versus control (one-way ANOVA with Dunnett post hoc tests). All groups were . Con: control group; Imi-food: imipramine-treated group; Cit-food: citalopram-treated group; DS-food: dicholine succinate-treated group; Cel-food: celecoxib-treated group. All data are means ± SEM.

(a) Forced swim test Day 1

(b) Forced swim test Day 2

(c) Tail suspension test Day 1

(d) Forced swim test Day 2