Quadruple Burden of HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Chronic Intestinal Parasitoses, and Multiple Micronutrient Deficiency in Ethiopia: A Summary of Available Findings

Table 1

Selected micronutrient levels in serum of blood donors (apparently healthy controls), pregnant women, and tuberculosis patients by HIV serostatus in Ethiopia.

Trace elements	Controls (blood donors) [16–20]		Pregnant women [20]		Tuberculosis patients [16, 17]		Diarrheic patients [18, 19, 21]
	HIV−; ()	HIV+; ()	HIV−; ()	HIV+; ()	HIV−; ()	HIV+; ()	HIV−; ()	HIV+; ()
Mg (mg/dl)	2.85 ± 0.61^*	—	2.43 ± 0.82	2.14 ± 0.86	—	—	1.76 ± 0.34	1.68 ± 0.26
Ca (mg/dl)	14.41 ± 3.61	11.11 ± 1.46	14.39 ± 4.69	13.41 ± 5.22	—	—	8.38 ± 1.97	7.82 ± 1.23
Fe (g/dl)	480.9 ± 449.0	288.3 ± 194.8	561.97 ± 415.23	485.86 ± 275.23	280.82 ± 314.31	265.99 ± 369.91	352.06 ± 351.23	420.82 ± 665.14
Cu (g/dl)	140.3 ± 47.95	166.2 ± 45.4	240.19 ± 73.55	239.59 ± 81.47	188.19 ± 58.65	176.59 ± 63.19	113.51 ± 38.28	126.83 ± 34.91
Zn (g/dl)	88.1 ± 4.02	77.2 ± 25.3	75.19 ± 44.79	76.30 ± 125.43	81.14 ± 14.16	73.65 ± 37.66	62.39 ± 43.64	68.13 ± 44.53
Se (g/dl)	9.6 ± 4.37	10.2 ± 4.5	10.49 ± 4.24	8.0 ± 4.71	8.86 ± 3.93	7.55 ± 2.63	6.99 ± 4.26	5.90 ± 2.79
Vitamin A (g/dl)	42.83 ± 20.37	25.83 ± 14.28	31.57 ± 12.79	27.56 ± 12.01	21.57 ± 13.81	19.98 ± 13.28	24.18 ± 15.68	23.57 ± 16.77

Mean ± standard deviation.
Trace elements were measured by ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy) and vitamin A was measured by HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography).