BioMed Research International

Research Article

Evaluation of Toxic, Cytotoxic, Mutagenic, and Antimutagenic Activities of Natural and Technical Cashew Nut Shell Liquids Using the Allium cepa and Artemia salina Bioassays

Table 2

Antitoxicity of iCNSL and tCNSL as measured by the effect on  A. cepa root growth (cm; mean ± SD, and % growth inhibition) at different concentrations and treatments with copper sulphate (1.2 g·mL−1).
Treatments
(% inhibition)		Controls/vehicleiCNSLtCNSL
NCPCTWEENConcentrationsConcentrations
17.37 g·mL−134.75 g·mL−169.50 g·mL−117.37 g·mL−134.75 g·mL−169.50 g·mL−1
Pretreatment
(% inhibition)		NTNTNT 
(62.78%)		 
(59.86%)		 
(59.86%)		 
(67.16%)		 
(48.18%)		 
(2.19%)
Cotreatment
(% inhibition)		NTNTNT 
(83.09%)		 
(75.00%)		 
(72.03%)		 
(66.18%)		 
(64.71%)		 
(61.23%)
Posttreatment
(% inhibition)		NTNTNT 
(83.09%)		 
(75.00%)		 
(72.00%)		 
(66.18%)		 
(64.71%)		 
(61.77%)
NC (dechlorinated water). PC (copper sulphate solution). TWEEN (solvent). NT (not tested). 1.000 cells evaluated per bulb, totalling 5,000 cells per group.  aSignificant compared with the negative control; bsignificant compared with the positive control. * < 0.05, ** < 0.01, and *** < 0.001 ANOVA. Tukey’s test for multiple comparisons between groups.