Evaluation of Toxic, Cytotoxic, Mutagenic, and Antimutagenic Activities of Natural and Technical Cashew Nut Shell Liquids Using the Allium cepa and Artemia salina Bioassays
Table 5
Antimutagenicity of iCNSL and tCNSL as measured by the frequency of chromosomal aberrations (mean ± SD of 1.000 cells per slide, 5 slides per test group) in A. cepa root meristems at different concentrations (pre-, co-, and posttreatment) with copper sulphate (1.2 µg·mL−1).
Groups with concentration
Chromosome bridges
Chromosomal aberration/5000 cells
Total frequency (%)
Vagrant chromosomes
Laggard chromosomes
Fragments
Total frequency
iCNSL pretreatment
17,37 µg·mL−1
0.40 ± 0.89b*
1.60 ± 0.50b***
4.00 ± 4.84
2.00 ± 1.22
8.00 ± 3.46b***
0.80 ± 0.34b***
34,75 µg·mL−1
0.60 ± 0.89b*
1.20 ± 1.09b***
2.60 ± 2.96b*
2.60 ± 1.94
7.00 ± 4.06b***
0.70 ± 0.40b***
tCNSL pretreatment
17,37 µg·mL−1
1.20 ± 1.00
1.00 ± 0.00b***
8.00 ± 4.41
1.20 ± 0.83b*
11.40 ± 7.33b***
1.14 ± 0.73b***
34,75 µg·mL−1
0.75 ± 0.50
1.20 ± 0.44b***
8.20 ± 3.11
2.40 ± 1.51
12.80 ± 3.76b***
1.28 ± 0.37b***
69,5 µg·mL−1
0.80 ± 0.40
1.60 ± 0.44b***
8.00 ± 4.00
2.60 ± 1.81
13.00 ± 5.61b***
1.30 ± 0.56b***
iCNSL cotreatment
17,37 µg·mL−1
0.40 ± 0.89b*
1.00 ± 0.00b***
3.40 ± 1.81b*
1.60 ± 1.14
6.40 ± 2.51b***
0.64 ± 0.25b***
34,75 µg·mL−1
0.20 ± 0.44b*
1.20 ± 0.44b***
5.40 ± 2.60
1.00 ± 0.70b**
7.80 ± 2.77b***
0.78 ± 0.27b***
tCNSL cotreatment
17,37 µg·mL−1
0.60 ± 0.54b*
1.60 ± 1.14b***
5.20 ± 1.78
2.00 ± 1.00
9.40 ± 2.51b***
0.94 ± 0.25b***
34,75 µg·mL−1
0.60 ± 0.54b*
1.20 ± 1.64b***
4.60 ± 2.19
2.40 ± 1.14
8.80 ± 0.30b***
8.80 ± 3.03b***
69,50 µg·mL−1
1.60 ± 1.94
3.40 ± 1.67b***
8.80 ± 5.35
3.40 ± 2.79
17.20 ± 5.76b***
1.72 ± 0.57b***
iCNSL posttreatment
17,37 µg·mL−1
0.20 ± 0.44b**
1.20 ± 0.83b***
1.60 ± 1.57b**
1.60 ± 1.14
4.60 ± 1.81b***
0.46 ± 0.18b***
34,75 µg·mL−1
0.20 ± 0,44b*
2.00 ± 1.00b***
4.00 ± 4.35
2.40 ± 0.89
8.60 ± 4.27b***
0.86 ± 0.42b***
tCNSL posttreatment
17,37 µg·mL−1
1.20 ± 0.44
1.00 ± 1.22b***
6.00 ± 4.84
1.00 ± 1.22b*
9.20 ± 7.46b***
0.92 ± 0.74b***
34,75 µg·mL−1
0.80 ± 0.44
2.60 ± 1.51b***
7.40 ± 2.52
2.60 ± 2.60
13.00 ± 6.51b***
1.30 ± 0.65b***
69,50 µg·mL−1
1.20 ± 0.44
3.80 ± 1.78b**
7.00 ± 4.12
2.80 ± 0.83
14.80 ± 4.08b**
1.48 ± 0.40b**
NC (dechlorinated water). PC (copper sulphate solution). TWEEN (solvent). NT (not tested). 5.000 cells evaluated per bulb, totalling 5,000 per group. aSignificant compared with the negative control; bsignificant compared with the positive control. * < 0.05, ** < 0.01, and *** < 0.001 ANOVA. Tukey’s test for multiple comparisons between groups.