Genetic and Cultural Reconstruction of the Migration of an Ancient Lineage
Table 1
(a) Definition of social terms and identifiers. (b) Characteristics of GSB cohort and controls used in this study. See text for descriptions of LPKSTR haplotype, vangor, and gotra and Supplementary Files S3–S6 and S37 [12].
(a)
Identifier
Description
Town communidade (e.g., Lotli, Kudtari)
Ancient system of male hereditary town governance in which each of the original founder families of the town owns a share (vote) with land ownership rights and tax obligations
Vangor
A share (vote) in a communidade that is a patrilineal lineage, often using a single surname
Brahmins
Members of an ancient hereditary male priestly caste codified in the first millennium BCE
Saraswat Brahmins
The most ancient of all Brahmins, associated with the eponymous Sarasvati River and Sarasvata tribe
Goud Saraswat Brahmins (GSB)
An endogamous branch of the Saraswat Brahmin community formed by early medieval (8th–10th century CE) migration event(s) to Goa, in Western India
Gotra (e.g., Kaundinya)
Ancient Brahmin system of tracking patrilineage; gotra is exogamous; that is, a member must marry outside it; this system has been strictly observed for millennia
Kuldev/clan deity (e.g., Ramnath)
Ancient tradition in which a GSB clan maintains a primary deity at a single place of worship; this is a reliable characteristic for tracking family lineages
Lotli Pai Kaundinya (LPK)
GSB founder families of Lotli communidade of Kaundinya gotra, with the surname of “Pai”
(b)
ID
Cohort
Y-HG clade
STRa
Source location
Vangor
Gotra
Ancient lineage
LKR-Vg5.1
GSB
L342.2+ L657+
No
Lotli (Loutolim)
Lotli 5
n.a.
Pai
LKR-Vg7.1
GSB
L342.2+ L657+
Yes
Lotli (Loutolim)
Lotli 7
n.a.
Pai
LKR-Vg8.1
GSB
L342.2+ L657+
Yes
Lotli (Loutolim)
Lotli 8
n.a.
Pai
LKR-Vg8.2
GSB
L342.2+ L657+
Yes
Lotli (Loutolim)
Lotli 8
n.a.
Pai
LKR-Vg8.3
GSB
L342.2+ L657+
Yes
Lotli (Loutolim)
Lotli 8
n.a.
Pai
LKR-Vg10.1
GSB
L342.2+ L657−
No
Lotli (Loutolim)
Lotli 10
n.a.
Pai
LKR-Vg10.2
GSB
L342.2+ L657−
No
Lotli (Loutolim)
Lotli 10
n.a.
Pai
LKR-Vg12.1
GSB
L342.2+ L657+
Yes
Lotli (Loutolim)
Lotli 12
n.a.
Pai
LKR-Vg15.1
GSB
L342.2+ L657+
Yes
Lotli (Loutolim)
Lotli 15
n.a.
Pai
LKR-VgU.1
GSB
L342.2+ L657+
No
Lotli (Loutolim)
Unknown
Kaundinya
Pai
LKR-VgU.2
GSB
L342.2+ L657+
Yes
Lotli (Loutolim)
Unknown
Kaundinya
Nayak
LKR-VgU.3
GSB
L342.2+ L657+
No
Lotli (Loutolim)
Unknown
Kaundinya
Pai
PBR1.1
GSB
L342.2+ L657−
No
Verem
Unknown
Kaundinya
Pai
CK1.1
GSB
L342.2+ L657+
No
Kudtari (Curtorim)
Kudtari 8
n.a.
Kamat
CK1.2
GSB
L342.2+ L657+
No
Kudtari (Curtorim)
Kudtari 8
n.a.
Kamat
KH1.1
Khatri
L342.2+ L657+
Yes
Punjab
None
n.a.
n.a.
KH1.2
Khatri
L342.2+ L657+
No
Punjab
None
n.a.
n.a.
KH1.3
Khatri
L342.2+ L657+
No
Punjab
None
n.a.
n.a.
Reference individuals for TMRCA computations; Kaundinya gotra prior to conversion; n.a.: not applicable.
