Mechanisms Linking Red Blood Cell Disorders and Cardiovascular Diseases

Table 1

Heart failure (HF) and anemia.

Number of patients	Findings	Reference
48,612	A higher prevalence of low hemoglobin in hospitalized patients than noted in randomized HF trials; Lower Hb is associated with higher morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients with HF	Young et al., 2008 [12]
5477	In patients with complicated acute myocardial infarction, anemia on admission and/or reductions in hemoglobin are independent risk factors for mortality and hospitalization	Anker et al., 2009 [14]
528	Anemia was more prevalent in patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) than in those with reduced LVEF	Berry et al., 2005 [16]
137	Anemia is common in patients with heart failure and a normal ejection fraction and is associated with greater elevations in serum B-type natriuretic peptide, more severe diastolic dysfunction, and a worse prognosis	Brucks et al., 2004 [17]
20	Chronic heart failure is associated with profound and general bone marrow dysfunction	Westenbrink et al., 2010 [18]
165	Iron deficiency is common in acute heart failure and identifies those with a poor outcome	Jankowska et al., 2013 [21], Jankowska et al., 2014 [38]
4	In patients with edema caused by severe anemia there is salt and water retention, reduction of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate, and neurohormonal activation. Patients with anemia have a high cardiac output, a low systemic vascular resistance, and blood pressure. The low concentration of hemoglobin causes a reduced inhibition of basal endothelium-derived relaxing factor activity and leads to generalised vasodilation	Anand et al., 1993 [25]
32	Therapy of anemia in congestive heart failure with erythropoietin and intravenous iron improves cardiac and renal function and reduces hospitalization and the need for diuretics	Silverberg et al., 2001 [27]
26	Erythropoietin significantly increases exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure. One mechanism of improvement in peak oxygen consumption is increased oxygen delivery from increased hemoglobin concentration	Mancini et al., 2003 [29]
40	In anemic chronic heart failure patients, correction of anemia with erythropoietin and oral iron improves the NYHA status, measured exercise endurance, oxygen use during exercise, renal function, and plasma B-type natriuretic peptide levels and reduces the need for hospitalization	Palazzuoli et al., 2006 [30]
160	Treatment with darbepoetin alfa in patients with chronic heart failure and anemia raised Hb and improved some quality of life indices	van Veldhuisen et al., 2007 [31]
1432	The use of a target hemoglobin of 13.5 per deciliter (as compared with 11.3 g per deciliter) was associated with increased risk of death, hospitalizations for congestive heart failure and myocardial infarction, and no improvement in the quality of life	Singh et al., 2006 [33]
603	Early complete correction of anemia does not reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with chronic kideny disease	Drüeke et al., 2006 [34]
40	Intravenous iron therapy substantially reduced NT-proBNP and inflammatory status in anemic patients with chronic heart failure and moderate chronic renal failure, improving left ventricular ejection fraction, NYHA functional class, exercise capacity, renal function, and quality of life	Toblli et al., 2007 [36]
32	Intravenous iron causes a marked increase in hemoglobin in anemic congestive heart failure patients, associated with improved cardiac remodeling and NYHA classification	Usmanov et al., 2008 [37]