Mechanisms Linking Red Blood Cell Disorders and Cardiovascular Diseases

Table 2

Coronary heart disease and anemia.

Number of patients	Findings	Reference
417	Anemia is a significant risk factor in ischemic heart disease (IHD), and it correlates with advanced IHD, chronic heart failure, rhythm distrurbance, and higher mortality rate	Zeidman et al., 2004 [41]
320	Abnormal hemoglobin levels are common in acute coronary syndromes. Anemia was associated with increasing age, interventional management, and adverse in-hospital outcomes	Bindra et al., 2006 [42]
542	In high-risk acute coronary syndrome patients both the admission hemoglobin level and subsequent fall in hemoglobin level >1.8 g/dL were associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality or cardiogenic shock	González-Ferrer et al., 2008 [43]
1,497	Anemia on admission in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated in the acute phase with percutaneous coronary intervention is associated with increased mortality, especially in the subgroups with incomplete revascularization and multivessel disease	Kurek et al., 2010 [45]
32,170	A low baseline hemoglobin level is an independent predictor of the risk of major bleeding and death in acute coronary syndromes	Bassand et al., 2010 [46]
1017	Inflammation-sensitive proteins are associated with lower hemoglobin concentrations in acute myocardial infarction patients	Steinvil et al., 2012 [47]
109	Low hematocrit/blood viscosity ratio can be regarded as a risk factor of cardiac death in coronary heart disease	Kenyeres et al., 2008 [49]
56	There was a significant reduction of plasma iron, total iron binding capacity, and plasma transferrin and a significant elevation of serum ferritin after myocardial infarction, changes, probably influenced by the extent of tissue necrosis	Griffiths et al., 1985 [50]
84	Serum ferritin and iron levels are increased after a myocardial infarction due to the traumatic effect of the infarction. An increased uptake of iron in the reticuloendothelial system for synthesis of ferritin may account for the lowered serum iron level and the iron saturation of transferrin	van der Schouw et al., 1990 [51]
2,036	Total iron binding capacity is an independent negative risk factor for myocardial infarction	Magnusson et al., 1994 [52]
2,310	Anemia is a common comorbidity in patients with acute coronary syndromes and a powerful independent determinant of left ventricular failure	Archbold et al., 2006 [53]
2,550	Higher red cell distribution width (RDW) values correspond to higher comorbidity burdens and higher mortality in patients with stable coronary artery disease	Osadnik et al., 2013 [56]
4,111	A graded independent relation was found between higher levels of red cell distribution width and the risk of death and cardiovascular events in people with prior myocardial infarction	Tonelli et al., 2008 [57]
936	Lower hemoglobin levels were linked with higher risk for adverse outcomes in women with suspected ischemia in the absence of acute myocardial infarction or congestive heart failure	Arant et al., 2004 [59]
24,112	Blood transfusion in patients with acute coronary syndromes is associated with higher mortality	Rao et al., 2004 [61]
78,974	Blood transfusion is associated with a lower short-term mortality rate among elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction and a hematocrit at admission of 30%	Wu et al., 2001 [62]
39,922	Anemia is a powerful and independent predictor of major cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndromes	Sabatine et al., 2005 [63]