Computational and Pharmacological Target of Neurovascular Unit for Drug Design and Delivery

Table 1

Pathological consequences of NVU disorder.

Diseases	BBB proteins and affected mechanisms
Alzheimer’s disease	BBB disruption and permit peripheral IgG to brain. Decrease P-gp and accumulate amyloid-β in brain [67].
Parkinson’s disease	BBB disruption increases therapeutic agent concentration and reduces efficacy of Pgp [6].
Stroke	Astrocytes secrete TGFβ that downregulates tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and anticoagulant thrombomodulin (TM) [68].
Epilepsy	Transient BBB opening and upregulation of multiple drug resistance (MRD1) Pgp [69].
Trauma	Opening of BBB, release of IL-6 from astrocytes, and neuroinflammation [70].
HIV	BBB TJ disruption. Loss of glycoproteins and apoptosis of endothelial cell lead to increase diameter of cortical vessels [71].
Infectious processes	Increase CSF/serum albumin ratio. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides affect BBB TJ [72].
Brain tumours	Breakdown of BBB TJ, overexpress folate, insulin, and transferrin receptor, and downregulation of claudin 1/3 [73].
Ischaemic brain oedema	BBB breakdown due to MMP9 release by neutrophils and degradation of occludin, claudins, and JAM [74].