Maternal Alcohol Consumption during Pregnancy and Early Age Leukemia Risk in Brazil
Table 2
Maternal alcohol consumption preconception and/or during pregnancy, early age leukemia, and control mothers, Brazil, 1999–2007.
Maternal alcohol drinking
Controls (%)
ALL (%)
AML (%)
ALL
AML
OR (95% CI)
Adj. ORa (95% CI)
OR (95% CI)
Adj. ORa (95% CI)
No
261 (61.7)
107 (55.4)
36 (61.0)
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Yes
150 (35.5)
83 (43.0)
23 (39.0)
1.35 (0.95–1.92)
1.21 (0.81–1.80)
1.11 (0.64–1.95)
1.17 (0.63–2.18)
Missing
12 (2.8)
3 (1.6)
0 (0.0)
Beer
Preconception
No
273 (64.5)
108 (56.0)
38 (64.4)
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Yes
135 (32.0)
82 (42.5)
21 (35.6)
1.54 (1.08–2.19)
1.36 (0.91–2.03)
1.12 (0.63–1.98)
1.13 (0.60–2.14)
Missing
15 (3.5)
3 (1.5)
0 (0.0)
≤1 glass/week
46 (10.9)
32 (16.6)
12 (20.3)
1.84 (1.12–3.04)
1.30 (0.71–2.36)
1.87 (0.91–3.84)
2.06 (0.90–4.76)
>1 glass/week
66 (15.6)
39 (20.2)
6 (10.2)
1.44 (0.91–2.28)
1.47 (0.88–2.46)
0.65 (0.26–1.60)
0.75 (0.29–1.94)
Missing
38 (9.0)
14 (7.2)
3 (5.1)
trend = 0.03
trend = 0.68
During pregnancy
No
337 (79.7)
146 (75.6)
52 (88.1)
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Yes
73 (17.3)
44 (22.8)
7 (11.9)
1.39 (0.91–2.12)
1.29 (0.78–2.14)
0.62 (0.27–1.43)
0.84 (0.35–2.00)
Missing
13 (3.0)
3 (1.5)
0 (0.0)
≤1 glass/week
27 (6.4)
21 (16.6)
4 (6.8)
1.80 (0.98–3.28)
1.13 (0.50–2.52)
0.96 (0.32–2.86)
1.38 (0.43–4.42)
>1 glass/week
34 (8.0)
19 (20.2)
1 (1.7)
1.29 (0.71–2.34)
1.43 (0.74–2.77)
0.19 (0.03–1.42)
0.21 (0.28–1.63)
Missing
25 (5.9)
7 (3.6)
2 (3.4)
trend = 0.17
trend = 0.07
Spirits
Preconception
No
397 (93.9)
178 (92.2)
51 (86.4)
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Yes
12 (2.8)
4 (2.1)
3 (5.1)
0.74 (0.24–2.34)
0.84 (0.22–3.29)
1.95 (0.53–7.13)
3.61 (0.83–15.7)
Missing
14 (3.3)
11 (5.7)
5 (8.5)
≤1 glass/week
4 (0.9)
2 (1.1)
1 (1.7)
1.11 (0.20–6.14)
0.79 (0.08–7.90)
1.95 (0.21–17.8)
2.06 (0.17–24.4)
>1 glass/week
5 (1.2)
0 (0.0)
2 (3.4)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
3.11 (0.59–16.5)
7.18 (1.09–47.3)
Missing
17 (4.0)
13 (6.7)
5 (8.5)
trend = 0.14
trend = 0.21
During pregnancy
No
397 (93.9)
182 (94.3)
53 (89.8)
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Yes
12 (2.8)
0 (0.0)
1 (1.7)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
0.62 (0.08–4.90)
0.87 (0.10–7.55)
Missing
14 (3.3)
11 (5.7)
4 (6.8)
≤1 glass/week
5 (1.2)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
>1 glass/week
2 (0.4)
0 (0.0)
1 (1.7)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
3.75 (0.33–42.0)
9.13 (0.61–135)
Missing
19 (4.5)
0 (0.0)
5 (8.5)
trend = 0.88
Other beverageb
Preconception
No
376 (88.9)
164 (85.0)
49 (83.0)
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Yes
33 (7.8)
18 (9.3)
5 (8.5)
1.25 (0.68–2.29)
1.48 (0.74–2.96)
1.16 (0.43–3.12)
2.16 (0.74–6.35)
Missing
14 (3.3)
11 (5.7)
5 (8.5)
≤1 glass/week
18 (4.2)
13 (6.7)
4 (6.8)
1.65 (0.79–3.46)
1.93 (0.84–4.44)
1.70 (0.55–5.24)
3.42 (0.81–14.3)
>1 glass/week
13 (3.1)
4 (2.1)
1 (1.7)
0.71 (0.23–2.20)
0.93 (0.28–3.16)
0.59 (0.07–4.61)
1.26 (0.14–11.5)
Missing
14 (3.3)
12 (6.2)
5 (8.5)
trend = 0.91
trend = 0.89
During pregnancy
No
385 (91.0)
174 (90.2)
54 (91.5)
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Yes
24 (5.7)
8 (4.1)
4 (6.8)
0.74 (0.36–1.67)
0.94 (0.37–2.40)
1.28 (0.43–3.85)
2.26 (0.68–7.51)
Missing
14 (3.3)
11 (5.7)
1 (1.7)
≤1 glass/week
13 (3.1)
4 (2.1)
3 (5.1)
0.68 (0.22–2.12)
0.99 (0.28–3.46)
1.78 (0.49–6.45)
3.41 (0.81–14.3)
>1 glass/week
7 (1.7)
3 (1.5)
1 (1.7)
0.95 (0.24–3.71)
1.19 (0.27–5.19)
1.10 (0.13–9.13)
1.26 (0.14–11.6)
Missing
18 (4.2)
12 (6.2)
1 (1.7)
trend = 0.57
trend = 0.82
Adjusted OR by use of oral contraceptives during pregnancy, maternal age at child birth, maternal education, birth weight, and infant ethnicity, three months before pregnancy, including wine consumption; ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia; AML, acute myeloid leukemia; = number of cases; Adj. OR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; one glass = 200 mL. bPreconception (legend: three months before pregnancy) and cother beverages (legend: including wine consumption).