Research Article

Maternal Alcohol Consumption during Pregnancy and Early Age Leukemia Risk in Brazil

Table 2

Maternal alcohol consumption preconception and/or during pregnancy, early age leukemia, and control mothers, Brazil, 1999–2007.

Maternal alcohol drinking Controls  
(%)
ALL  
(%)
AML 
(%)
ALL AML
OR  
(95% CI)
Adj. ORa
(95% CI)
OR  
(95% CI)
Adj. ORa
(95% CI)

No261 (61.7)107 (55.4)36 (61.0)1.001.001.001.00
Yes150 (35.5)83 (43.0)23 (39.0)1.35 (0.95–1.92)1.21 (0.81–1.80)1.11 (0.64–1.95)1.17 (0.63–2.18)
Missing12 (2.8)3 (1.6)0 (0.0)
Beer
Preconception
 No273 (64.5)108 (56.0)38 (64.4)1.001.001.001.00
 Yes135 (32.0)82 (42.5)21 (35.6)1.54 (1.08–2.19)1.36 (0.91–2.03)1.12 (0.63–1.98)1.13 (0.60–2.14)
 Missing15 (3.5)3 (1.5)0 (0.0)
 ≤1 glass/week46 (10.9)32 (16.6)12 (20.3)1.84 (1.12–3.04)1.30 (0.71–2.36)1.87 (0.91–3.84)2.06 (0.90–4.76)
 >1 glass/week66 (15.6)39 (20.2)6 (10.2)1.44 (0.91–2.28)1.47 (0.88–2.46)0.65 (0.26–1.60)0.75 (0.29–1.94)
 Missing38 (9.0)14 (7.2)3 (5.1)
trend = 0.03 trend = 0.68
During pregnancy
 No337 (79.7)146 (75.6)52 (88.1)1.001.001.001.00
 Yes73 (17.3)44 (22.8)7 (11.9)1.39 (0.91–2.12)1.29 (0.78–2.14)0.62 (0.27–1.43)0.84 (0.35–2.00)
 Missing13 (3.0)3 (1.5)0 (0.0)
 ≤1 glass/week27 (6.4)21 (16.6)4 (6.8)1.80 (0.98–3.28)1.13 (0.50–2.52)0.96 (0.32–2.86)1.38 (0.43–4.42)
 >1 glass/week34 (8.0)19 (20.2)1 (1.7)1.29 (0.71–2.34)1.43 (0.74–2.77)0.19 (0.03–1.42)0.21 (0.28–1.63)
 Missing25 (5.9)7 (3.6)2 (3.4)
trend = 0.17 trend = 0.07
Spirits
Preconception
 No397 (93.9)178 (92.2)51 (86.4)1.001.001.001.00
 Yes12 (2.8)4 (2.1)3 (5.1)0.74 (0.24–2.34)0.84 (0.22–3.29)1.95 (0.53–7.13)3.61 (0.83–15.7)
 Missing14 (3.3)11 (5.7)5 (8.5)
 ≤1 glass/week4 (0.9)2 (1.1)1 (1.7)1.11 (0.20–6.14)0.79 (0.08–7.90)1.95 (0.21–17.8)2.06 (0.17–24.4)
 >1 glass/week5 (1.2)0 (0.0)2 (3.4)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)3.11 (0.59–16.5)7.18 (1.09–47.3)
 Missing17 (4.0)13 (6.7)5 (8.5)
trend = 0.14 trend = 0.21
During pregnancy
 No397 (93.9)182 (94.3)53 (89.8)1.001.001.001.00
 Yes12 (2.8)0 (0.0)1 (1.7)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0.62 (0.08–4.90)0.87 (0.10–7.55)
 Missing14 (3.3)11 (5.7)4 (6.8)
 ≤1 glass/week5 (1.2)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)
 >1 glass/week2 (0.4)0 (0.0)1 (1.7)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)3.75 (0.33–42.0)9.13 (0.61–135)
 Missing19 (4.5)0 (0.0)5 (8.5)
trend = 0.88
Other beverageb
Preconception
 No376 (88.9)164 (85.0)49 (83.0)1.001.001.001.00
 Yes33 (7.8)18 (9.3)5 (8.5)1.25 (0.68–2.29)1.48 (0.74–2.96)1.16 (0.43–3.12)2.16 (0.74–6.35)
 Missing14 (3.3)11 (5.7)5 (8.5)
 ≤1 glass/week18 (4.2)13 (6.7)4 (6.8)1.65 (0.79–3.46)1.93 (0.84–4.44)1.70 (0.55–5.24)3.42 (0.81–14.3)
 >1 glass/week13 (3.1)4 (2.1)1 (1.7)0.71 (0.23–2.20)0.93 (0.28–3.16)0.59 (0.07–4.61)1.26 (0.14–11.5)
 Missing14 (3.3)12 (6.2)5 (8.5)
trend = 0.91 trend = 0.89
During pregnancy
 No385 (91.0)174 (90.2)54 (91.5)1.001.001.001.00
 Yes24 (5.7)8 (4.1)4 (6.8)0.74 (0.36–1.67)0.94 (0.37–2.40)1.28 (0.43–3.85)2.26 (0.68–7.51)
 Missing14 (3.3)11 (5.7)1 (1.7)
 ≤1 glass/week13 (3.1)4 (2.1)3 (5.1)0.68 (0.22–2.12)0.99 (0.28–3.46)1.78 (0.49–6.45)3.41 (0.81–14.3)
 >1 glass/week7 (1.7)3 (1.5)1 (1.7)0.95 (0.24–3.71)1.19 (0.27–5.19)1.10 (0.13–9.13)1.26 (0.14–11.6)
 Missing18 (4.2)12 (6.2)1 (1.7)
trend = 0.57 trend = 0.82

Adjusted OR by use of oral contraceptives during pregnancy, maternal age at child birth, maternal education, birth weight, and infant ethnicity, three months before pregnancy, including wine consumption; ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia; AML, acute myeloid leukemia; = number of cases; Adj. OR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; one glass = 200 mL.
bPreconception (legend: three months before pregnancy) and cother beverages (legend: including wine consumption).