Maternal Alcohol Consumption during Pregnancy and Early Age Leukemia Risk in Brazil
Table 4
Maternal smoking and alcohol consumption interaction risk for early age leukemia, Brazil, 1999–2007.
Type of analysis/smoke burdenb
Alcohol consumptiona
ALL
AML
Abstainers
Occasional drinkers
Frequent drinkers
Abstainers
Occasional drinkers
Frequent drinkers
Periconception
Crude OR (95% CI)
Nonsmokers
1.00
1.67 (0.96–2.94)
1.14 (0.63–2.06)
1.00
2.01 (0.92–4.36)
0.97 (0.38–2.47)
Moderate smokers
0.64 (0.36–1.12)
0.00
2.10 (0.77–5.78)
0.66 (0.28–1.58)
1.56 (0.18–7.60)
0.45 (0.04–4.67)
Heavy smokers
2.10 (0.69–6.44)
1.78 (0.51–6.17)
1.36 (0.20–9.53)
0.99 (0.19–8.34)
0.00
0.00
Adj.c OR (95% CI)
Nonsmokers
1.00
0.88 (0.39–1.98)
1.22 (0.59–2.53)
1.00
2.01 (0.81–4.96)
1.19 (0.43–3.27)
Moderate smokers
1.00 (0.51–1.94)
0.00
1.46 (0.48–4.43)
0.64 (0.25–1.66)
1.28 (0.16–10.2)
0.38 (0.03–4.29)
Heavy smokers
1.89 (0.28–12.69)
0.97 (0.22–4.29)
1.41 (0.16–12.3)
1.16 (0.13–10.5)
0.00
0.00
During pregnancy
Crude OR (95% CI)
Nonsmokers
1.00
1.24 (0.63–2.45)
1.19 (0.62–2.30)
1.00
1.63 (0.67–3.98)
0.21 (0.03–1.58)
Moderate smokers
1.00 (0.55–1.81)
1.69 (0.44–6.45)
0.91 (0.23–3.55)
0.44 (0.13–1.48)
0.00
0.00
Heavy smokers
2.39 (0.47–12.0)
0.00
1.68 (0.09–32.3)
2.10 (0.21–20.6)
0.00
0.00
Adj.c OR (95% CI)
Nonsmokers
1.00
0.88 (0.39–1.98)
1.22 (0.59–2.53)
1.00
1.78 (0.66–4.80)
0.22 (0.03–1.71)
Moderate smokers
1.00 (0.51–1.94)
1.26 (0.26–6.16)
1.00 (0.23–4.44)
0.35 (0.10–1.31)
0.00
0.00
Heavy smokers
1.89 (0.28–12.69)
0.00
1.61 (0.05–51.0)
3.47 (0.32–37.0)
0.00
0.00
OR, odds ratios, and 95% CI (confidence intervals) for leukemia according to categories of joint tobacco and alcohol exposures comparing models that assuming independence of effects and effect modification; level of pregnancy alcohol consumption: abstainers (0 glasses/week); occasional drinkers (≤1 glass/week); frequent drinkers (≥1 glass/week); blevel of pregnancy smoke consumption: nonsmokers; moderate smokers (1–≤20 cigarettes/day); heavy smokers (≥20 cigarettes/day); ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia; AML, acute myeloid leukemia; = number of cases; Adj. OR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; cadjusted OR by use of oral contraceptives during pregnancy, maternal age at birth, maternal education, birth weight, and infant skin color.
