The Formation of Biofilms by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A Review of the Natural and Synthetic Compounds Interfering with Control Mechanisms

Table 1

Natural inhibitory compounds for P. aeruginosa biofilm formation.

Natural products compounds	Origin	Class	Activities				References
			QS inhibition	Biofilm inhibition^(a)	Dispersion promotion	Synergy with antibiotic
Alginate lyase	P. aeruginosa	Enzyme	−	+	+	+^(1)	[134]
Ursolic acid	Diospyros dendo Welw.	Triterpenoid	−	+ (24 h); motility	NC	NC	[141]
p-Coumaroyl-hydroxy-ursolic acid	Diospyros dendo Welw.	Coumarate ester of triterpene	NC	+ (24 h)	NC	NC	[142]
Zingerone	Zingiber officinale Rosc.	Phenolic compound	NC	+ (168 h); c-di-GMP	NC	+^(2)	[138, 139]
Casbane diterpene	Croton nepetaefolius Baill.	Diterpenoid	NC	+ (24 h); adherence	NC	NC	[140]
DNase I	Bovine pancreas	Enzyme	NC	+ (18–24 h)	+	+^(3)	[137]
DNase-1L2	Human stratum corneum						[136]
Paraoxonases 1	Human and murine sera	Enzyme (lactonase)	+	+ (24 h)	NC	NC	[116, 117]
Manoalide	Luffariella variabilis; (Polejaeff, 1884); (marine organism)	Sesterterpenoid	+ (las system)	+ (24 h)	NC	NC	[113, 114]
Solenopsin A	Solenopsis invicta (insect; ant)	Alkaloid	+ (rhl system)	+ (24 h)	NC	NC	[115]
Catechin	Combretum albiflorum (Tul.) Jongkind	Flavonoid	+ (las rhl systems)	+ (24 h)	NC	NC	[124]
Naringenin	Commercial	Flavonoid	+ (las rhl systems)	+ (48 h)	NC	NC	[125]
Coumarate ester	D. trichocarpa Baker.	Phenolic compound	+ (las rhl systems)	+ (48 h)	+	+^(1)	[126]
Ajoene	Allium sativum L.	Organosulfur	+ (las rhl systems)	+ (96 h)	NC	+^(1)	[130]
Ellagic acid derivatives	Terminalia chebula Retz.	Phenolic compound	+ (las rhl systems)	+ (72 h)	NC	+^(1)	[120]
Rosmarinic acid	Ocimum basilicum L.	Phenolic compound	+ (las rhl systems)	+ (18 h)	−	NC	[89, 119]
Eugenol	Syzygium aromaticum (L.); Merr. Et Perry	Phenylpropanoid	+ (las  pqs systems)	+ (24 h)	NC	NC	[128]
Curcumin	Curcuma longa L.	Phenolic compound	+ (AHLs)	+ (48 h)	NC	NC	[118]
Bergamottin and dihydroxybergamottin	Citrus paradisi Macfad.; (Rio Red and Marsh White grapefruits)	Furocoumarins	+ (AI-1 and AI-2)	+ (24 h)	NC	NC	[121]
Penicillic acid	Penicillium species	Furanone	+ (LasR, RhlR)	NC	NC	NC	[111]
Patulin		Furopyranone	+ (LasR RhlR)	—	NC	+^(1)
Emodin	Rheum palmatum L.	Anthraquinone	+ (docking traR)	+ (72 h)	NC	+^(3)	[123]
Baicalein	Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi.	Flavonoid	+ (docking traR)	+ (72 h)	NC	+^(3)	[122]

+: yes; −: no; NC: not communicated.
Patulin does not affect the development of biofilm.
^(a)Experiment duration.
⁽¹⁾Aminoglycosides, ⁽²⁾ciprofloxacin, ⁽³⁾ampicillin.