Echocardiographic Evaluation of Left Atrial Mechanics: Function, History, Novel Techniques, Advantages, and Pitfalls

Figure 2

Grade one shows a reduced E/A ratio mitral inflow, measured by PW-Doppler, and a reduced ratio, measured by PW-TDI. Grade 2 represents “pseudonormalization,” and Grade 3 represents restrictive physiology [35, 73].