Beyond the Immune Suppression: The Immunotherapy in Prostate Cancer

Table 1

Current immunologic therapeutic approaches in PCa.

Therapy	Molecule	Mechanism of action	Clinical trials [Ref.]
Sipuleucel-T (Provenge)	Autologous cellular immune-therapy	Stimulates a T cell immune response against cancer cells (+ for PAP)	Phases I-II: [61]; Phase II: [63–65]
Ipilimumab (Yervoy)	IgG1 Human monoclonal antibody	Blocks the activity of CTLA-4 and Treg expression	Phases I-II: [67]; Phase III: [68]
Tasquinimod	Oral quinolone-3-carboxamide	Antitumor action through inhibition of angiogenesis and immunomodulation	Phase III: [69, 70]
Prostvac-VF	Vector based vaccing	A combination of two viral particles, vaccinia, and fowlpox that infect the APC cells promoting an immune response against PSA expressing cells	Phase II: [71]
GVAX	Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene-transfected tumor cell vaccine	Evocation of a strong immunoreaction by antigens expressed on human prostate cell lines modified by GM-CSF	Phase III: [72, 73]