Phytochemicals That Regulate Neurodegenerative Disease by Targeting Neurotrophins: A Comprehensive Review

Figure 1

Schematic representation of phytochemicals involved with neurotrophins. By binding to the Trk receptor, neurotrophin signaling mediates cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation through the Ras/MAPK, PI3K/AKT, and PL-Cγ pathways. NGF- receptor binding activates bidirectional cell survival and apoptosis via the NF-κB and JNK pathways, as well as external stress stimuli-mediated generation of ROS with suppression of antioxidative enzyme levels. Trk, tropomyosin-related kinase; , p75 neurotrophin receptor; NGF, nerve growth factor; BDNF, brain derived neurotrophic factor; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; PI3K, phosphatidylinsoitol-3-kinase; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MAPK, mitogen activated protein kinase; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinases; PL-Cγ, phospholipase Cγ; PKC, protein kinase C; NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; IκB, inhibitory kappa B; CREB, cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein; GSK3β, glucose synthase kinase-3β; CaMKII/IV, Ca²⁺-calmodulin kinase II/IV. 1: Diosniposide B, 2: Diosgenin, 3: Cyanidin-3-glucopyranoside, 4: 3,7-dihydroxy-2,4,6-trimethoxy-phenanthrene, 5: Spicatoside A, 6: Quercetin, 7: Apigenin, 8: Ginsenoside Rg3, 9: Rosmarinic acid, 10: Ginkgolide B, 11: Limonoid, 12: 4,6-dimethoxy phenanthrene-2,3,7-triol, 13: Furostanol, 14: Coreajaponins B, 15: Quinic acid, 16: Luteolin-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, 17: Kaempferol, 18: (−)-4,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid, 19: (−)-3,5-dicaffeoyl mucoquinic acid, 20: (−)-3,4-dicaffeoyl mucoquinic acid, 21: Ginsenosides, 22: Panaxynol, 23: Nigranoic acid, 24: Clerodane diterpenoids, 25: Ligraminol E4-O-β-D-xyloside, 26: Geniposidic acid, 27: Epigallocatechin-3-galate, 28: Curcumin, 29: Resveratrol, 30: Berberine, 31: 6-shogaol, 32: Oleuropein, 33: Honokiol and magnolol, 34: Huperzine A.