Plant source Phytochemicals Pharmacological effects Medicinal use Reference Aster scaber
(−)-3,5-Dicaffeoylmucoquinic acid, quinic acid Activates Trk/ERK1/2/PI3K-mediated neuritogenesis, increases SOD, and reduces MDA activity, neurotrophic mimetic action Neurodegenerative disease, neuroinflammation, neuritogenesis, and neuroprotection [52 ] Abies holophylla Ligraminol E4-O -β -d-xyloside, (8R,9S,7′S,8′R)-4,4′,7′-trihydroxy-3,3′,9-trimethoxy-9,9′-epoxylignan, juniperigiside Inhibits NO production and activates Trk-mediated NGF production Neurodegenerative disease, neuropathy, neuritogenesis, and neuroinflammatory [75 ] Camellia sinensis Epigallocatechin-3-galate Activates Trk signaling pathway-mediated neurite outgrowth, PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β , induces NGF, BDNF secretion, and inhibits cas3 and ROS level Neuritogenesis, neuroinflammation, neuroprotection, and cognitive deficit [76 ] Coptis chinensis Berberine Activates AKT/GSK-3β /Nrf2-mediated regulation, cholinergic activity-mediated neurite outgrowth, induces NGF and BDNF secretion, and inhibits Cox2, TNF-α , NF- B, IL-1β , and iNOS levels Neuritogenesis, neuroinflammation, and neuroprotection [77 ] Curcuma longa Curcumin Activates PKC/ERK-mediated CREB regulation and AKT/GSK-3β mediated regulation, induces BDNF secretion, and inhibits Cas3, TNF-α , and NF- B levels Neuritogenesis, neuroinflammation, and neuroprotection [78 ] Dioscorea nipponica Diosniposide B, 3,7-dihydroxy-2,4,6-trimethoxy-phenanthrene, sapogenin Activates Trk signaling pathway-mediated neurite outgrowth and induces NGF secretion, inhibits NO Neuritogenesis, neuroinflammation, and neuroprotection [18 ] Eucommia ulmoides Geniposidic acid Activates PI3K/AKT, p38 MAPK/ERK1/2-mediated inhibition of LDH, PARP, cleaved caspase 3, MMPs and cytochrome C with increase in Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, BDNF expression, and AChE inhibition Anti-apoptotic, Alzheimer’s disease, neurodegenerative disease, and neuroprotection [79 ] Ginkgo biloba (L) Ginkgolide B Activates Trk/Ras/MAPK-mediated neurite outgrowth, induces BDNF secretion, and reduces ROS, LDH, caspase3, and proapoptotic factors Antidepressant, dementia, neuroprotective, nootropic, phosphodiesterase inhibitor, antioxidant, neuritogenesis, and neuroinflammation [80 ] Huperzia serrata Huperzine A Activates Trk/MAPK/ERK-mediated neurite outgrowth, induces NGF and BDNF secretion, reduces AChE, TNF-α , NF- B, IL-1β , and MDA levels, and increases SOD, GSH-Px, Cat, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and TGF-β level Neuritogenesis, neuroinflammation, and neuroprotection [81 ] Liriope platyphylla Spicatoside A Activates Trk, ERK1/2/PI3K-mediated neurite outgrowth and induces NGF and BDNF secretion Neurodegenerative disease, neuritogenesis, and neuroprotection [35 ] Magnolia officinalis Honokiol, magnolol Induces NGF and BDNF secretion, inhibits TNF-α , NF- B, IL-1β , IL-6, and ROS levels, and increases Akt activity Neuritogenesis, neuroinflammation, and neuroprotection [82 ] Melissa officinalis (L) Rosmarinic acid, neral/geranial, citronellal, isomenthone, ε -caryophyllene, ursolic acid NGF mimetic, activates ERK1/2-mediated neurite outgrowth, improves cholinergic activity and NF- B pathway, and inhibits IL-1β , TNF-α , and caspase 3 Antidepressant, cognitive disorders, neuritogenesis, neuroinflammation, and neuroprotection [83 ] Melia toosendan Limonoid, 1α ,3α -dihydroxyl-7α -tigloyloxy-12α -ethoxylnimbolinin & 12-O -ethyl-1-deacetyl-nimbolinin B Activates PKA/ERK1/2-mediated neurite outgrowth, induces NGF secretion, and decreases LDH activity Neurodegenerative disease, neuropathy, neuritogenesis, neuroprotective, and neuroinflammatory [84 ] Morus alba (L) Quercetin, cyanidin-3-O -β -glucopyranoside, gallic acid Induces PI3K/ERK1/2-mediated CREB activation, neurite outgrowth, and NGF secretion Cognitive disorders, antiaging, neuritogenesis, and neuroprotection [85 , 86 ] Olea europaea Oleuropein Induces NGF and BDNF secretion and increases GSH level Neuroprotection and neuroinflammation [87 ] Passiflora edulis (L) Apigenin-8-C -β -digitoxopyranoside, apigenin- 8-C -β -boivinopyranoside, luteolin-8-C -β -boivinopyranoside Inhibits NO, iNOS, PGE2 -mediated modulation of ERK 1/2, p38 MAPK, JNK, and BDNF-induced neurite outgrowth Neuritogenesis, anxiolytic, neuroinflammation, and neuroprotection [88 ] Panax ginseng Ginsenoside Rg3, panaxynol Activates cAMP/MAPK & Trk-mediated neuritogenesis, TNF-α , NF- B, IL-1β , iNOS, neurotrophic mimetic action Neuroinflammation, neurodegenerative disease, neuroprotection, and neuritogenesis [89 ] Pimpinella brachycarpa 3,5-O -trans -dicaffeoylquinic acid methyl ester, 1-O -trans -p -coumaroyl-5-O -cis -p -coumaroylquinic acid Inhibits NO, iNOS production, and boost antioxidant system Neuroinflammation [52 ] Ptychopetalum olacoides 6α ,7α -Dihydroxyannonene, 7α ,20-dihydroxyannonene, clerodane diterpenoid Neurotrophic mimetic action and mediates neurite outgrowth Neurodegenerative disease, neuritogenesis, and neuroprotection [90 ] Schisandra chinensis α -Iso-cubebene, dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans, schisanchinins A-D, nigranoic acidActivates PKA/B/Ca2+ -CaMKII/ERk1/2-mediated CREB and Nrf2 pathway activation, induces BDNF and c-fos expression, and inhibits NO and PGE2 production Parkinson’s disease, neuroinflammation, and neuroprotection [91 ] Vitis vinifera Resveratrol Activates ERK-mediated CREB regulation, induces NGF, GDNF, and BDNF secretion, and inhibits caspase3, TNF-α , NF- B, IL10, IL-1β , MCP1, and MDA levels, increases SOD level. Neuritogenesis, neuroinflammation, and neuroprotection [92 ] Zingiber officinale 6-shogaol Activates Trk-mediated neurite outgrowth, induces NGF, BDNF, and GDNF secretion, inhibits Cox2, TNF-α , NF- B, IL-1β , NO, p38, iNOS, Bax, PG-E2, and ROS level, and increases SOD, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL levels Neuritogenesis, neuroinflammation, and neuroprotection
[93 ]