Are Endothelial Progenitor Cells the Real Solution for Cardiovascular Diseases? Focus on Controversies and Perspectives

Figure 2

Endothelium dysfunction, injury, cardiovascular remodeling and onset of CVD diseases. Several factors (ageing, hypertension, oxidative stress, diabetes, hyperlipemia, obesity, and unbalance of hormones) by acting as triggers determine a chronic stress on endothelium of vascular wall and evocation of a chronic inflammatory response which cause endothelium dysfunction, injury, and cardiovascular remodeling and the onset of several CVDs.