Novel Investigations of Flavonoids as Chemopreventive Agents for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Table 5

Galangin in HCC with possible mechanisms discussed in this paper.

Subfamily	Flavonoids	Typical origin	In vitro/in vivo; Cell lines/modes; Effective dose	Effects and related mechanisms	Author (year); References
Flavonols	Galangin	Alpinia officinarum	In vitro; HepG2 cell; 74, and 148 M	↑ autophagy via ↑ TGF-β receptor/Smad pathway	Wang et al. (2014) [25]
			In vitro; HepG2, Hep3B, and PLC/PRF/5 cells; 134.0, 87.3, and 79.8 M for 24 h	↑ MAPKs involved in ER stress with ↑ GRP94, ↑ GRP78 and ↑ CHOP, and ↑ free cytosolic Ca^2+ concentration	Su et al. (2013) [103]
			In vitro; HepG2 cells; Autophagy (130 mol/L) and apoptosis (370 mol/L)	↑ apoptosis, ↑ autophagy through a p53-dependent pathway	Wen et al. (2012) [81]
			In vitro; HepG2, Hep3B, and PLC/PRF/5; 46.25–370.0 mol/L	↑ apoptosis through a mitochondrial pathway ↑ AIF, ↑ cytochrome c	Zhang et al. (2010) [104]

For abbreviations see footer of Table 1.