Putative Epimutagens in Maternal Peripheral and Cord Blood Samples Identified Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Table 1

The chemicals used in the present study.

Group	Chemical	^aConcentration in serum; Mean ± SD (ppb); Cord blood’s (mothers’)	^bExposure; concentration (ppb)		^cEffect of chemicals on mESCs; (^bconcentration that affected mESCs)
A, pesticide			1x	10x
	3-PBA	<0.2^d (0.3^e)	0.1	1.0	−
	TCP	<0.2^d (0.9^e)	0.1	1.0	+ (10x)
	DMP	4.3 ± 3.9 (8.6 ± 4.2)	0.1	1.0	+ (10x)
	DEP	0.28 ± 0.1 (0.3 ± 0.1)	0.1	1.0	+ (1x)
	DMTP	0.9 ± 0.8 (16.2 ± 4.5)	0.1	1.0	−
	DETP	2.8 ± 1.8 (7.9 ± 3.0)	0.1	1.0	+ (10x)
	DMDTP	ND (0.3^e,f)	0.1	1.0	+ (10x)
	DEDTP	ND (<0.05^d,f)	0.1	1.0	−
	S-421	ND (10.3^g,h)	0.01	0.1	+ (1x)
B, tobacco	Nicotine	1.4 ± 0.57 (1.6 ± 2.6)^i	100	1000	−
	Cotinine	8.7^e (43.7 ± 55.8)^i	100	1000	+ (1x)
C, PFCs	PFOA	1.4 ± 0.5 (1.5 ± 0.6)	10	100	−
	PFOS	1.4 ± 0.6 (3.9 ± 1.4)	10	100	−
D, heavy metals	Sn	ND (1.02 ± 0.51^j)	1.0	10	−
	Se	ND (110 ± 18)	100	1000	+ (1x)
	Cd	0.042 ± 0.003 (0.038 ± 0.016)	0.1	1.0	−
	Hg	ND (0.6 ± 0.34)	1.0	10	+ (1x)
	Pb	0.3 ± 0.05 (0.3 ± 0.12)	1.0	10	−
E, phthalate	DEHP	4.0 ± 1.1 (5.3 ± 0.8)	1.2	12	−
	MEHP	6.3 ± 5.1 (4.3 ± 1.5)	5.2	52	+ (10x)

ND: not determined.
^aThe details are in our previous report [12].
^b1x: serum level detected in cord blood samples and/or pregnant mothers’ serum.
10x: ten-fold higher level than that of the cord blood samples and/or pregnant mothers’ serum.
^cDescribed in our previous report [12].
^dLess than detection limit level.
^eDetected only in one sample (n = 11–22).
^fConcentrations determined using plasma samples in the previous report [33].
^gDetected in all examined samples ().
^hConcentrations determined using human milk samples (ng/g in lipids) in our previous report [12].
ⁱMean ± SD values were calculated using all the samples containing both smokers and nonsmokers. Nicotine and cotinine were detected at relatively high levels (appropriately 100 ppb) from smokers but were not detected from nonsmokers. Thus, the exposure concentrations were determined based on the average values of the smokers’ samples.
^jConcentrations determined using urine samples in our previous report [12].