Histamine Induces Alzheimer’s Disease-Like Blood Brain Barrier Breach and Local Cellular Responses in Mouse Brain Organotypic Cultures

Figure 2

Histamine leads to astrocyte activation in MBO cultures. (a) Control MBO cultures show few astrocytes that are GFAP-positive (visualized by NovaRED and indicated by arrows). (b) Histamine-treated MBO cultures show many intensely GFAP-positive astrocytes (visualized by NovaRED and indicated by arrows). In both (a) and (b), sections are from the middle portion of the MBO tissue (350–700 μm from the slice surface) and counterstained with hematoxylin to show nucleus in purple as described in Section 2. Scale bar, 100 μm. (c) Quantification shows more GFAP-positive astrocytes in the histamine-treated MBO cultures compared to the controls. GFAP-positive astrocytes are counted from multiple images, normalized by the total cell numbers and plotted. Mean ± SEM is used to represent the variations within each group. ; ; .

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