Khat Dependency and Psychophysical Symptoms among Chewers in Jazan Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Table 3

Risk of physical and psychological symptoms among khat users according to the SDS.

	SDS		value	OR (CI)
	Nondependent; (); (%)	Dependent; (); (%)
Dizziness	5 (15.6)	26 (45.7)	0.005	6.5 (1.7–23.6)
Feeling anxious	10 (31.3)	20 (57.1)	0.02	3.5 (1.2–10.0)
Nausea & vomiting	7 (21.9)	20 (57.1)	0.003	5.9 (1.8–18.9)
Feeling tired	15 (46.9)	21 (60.0)	0.21	1.9 (0.7–5.2)
Excessive sweating	12 (37.5)	16 (45.7)	0.4	1.6 (0.6–4.3)
Difficulty seeing at night	2 (6.3)	14 (40.0)	0.002	15.8 (2.7–91.4)
Being absentminded	6 (18.8)	18 (51.4)	0.007	5.1 (1.6–16.4)
Headache	12 (37.5)	23 (65.7)	0.03	3.1 (1.1–8.6)
Loss of appetite	16 (50.0)	25 (71.4)	0.04	3.0 (1.1–8.8)
Fast heart rate	9 (28.1)	17 (48.6)	0.06	2.7 (0.9–7.7)
Difficulty with balance	8 (25.0)	16 (45.7)	0.048	3.0 (1.0–9.0)
Blurred vision	4 (12.5)	15 (42.9)	0.006	5.9 (1.6–4.7)
Difficulty in concentration	6 (18.8)	17 (48.6)	0.005	5.7 (1.7–19.7)
Numbness	6 (18.8)	14 (40.0)	0.03	3.9 (1.1–13.4)
Momentary loss of consciousness	5 (15.6)	9 (25.7)	0.16	2.7 (0.7–10.7)
Feeling irritable	12 (37.5)	15 (42.9)	0.5	1.5 (0.5–4.2)
Shaking or trembling of hands	9 (28.1)	9 (25.7)	0.8	0.9 (0.3–2.9)
Difficulty in falling asleep	15 (46.9)	14 (40.0)	0.6	0.8 (0.3–2.1)
Weakness in arms & legs	6 (18.8)	10 (28.6)	0.4	1.7 (0.5–5.5)
Change in smell & taste	6 (18.8)	11 (31.4)	0.1	2.5 (0.7–8.6)
Feeling depressed	7 (21.9)	13 (37.1)	0.1	2.3 (0.7–6.8)
Excessive salivation	11 (34.4)	10 (28.6)	0.7	0.8 (0.3–2.4)
Involuntary movements	7 (21.9)	12 (34.3)	0.2	2.1 (0.7–6.5)
Tinnitus	7 (21.9)	12 (34.3)	0.2	2.3 (0.7–7.5)

Odds ratios were adjusted in the logistic regression model for age, smoking, years of chewing, amount of chewing, and duration of chewing session.