CLE is reliable for real-time assessment of inflammation activity in UC by evaluation of crypt architecture, microvascular alterations, and fluorescein leakage.
Molecular imaging with fluorescent antibodies has the potential to predict therapeutic responses to biological treatment in CD and autoimmune or inflammatory disorders.
Adenoma Like Masses and Displasia Associated Lesional Masses can be differentiated by CLE with a high overall accuracy in patients with Ulcerative Colitis.
Chromoscopy-guided endomicroscopy can determine if Ulcerative Colitis should undergo biopsy examination, increasing the diagnostic yield and reducing the need for biopsy examinations.
CEM provides endoscopists with a valuable new diagnostic tool, for observing tissue in situ at the histopathological level, allowing evaluation of physiological function during endoscopic examination.
C-CLE accurately discriminates adenomatous from nonadenomatous colorectal polyps and enables evaluation of degree of dysplasia during ongoing endoscopy.
The proposed software for automated classification of pCLE videos of colonic polyps achieves high performance, comparable to that of offline diagnosis of pCLE videos established by expert endoscopists.
Imaging of blood vessels with CLE is feasible in normal and tumor colorectal tissue by using fluorescently labeled antibodies targeted against an endothelial marker. The method could be translated into the clinical setting for monitoring of antiangiogenic therapy.
Standard colonic biopsies obtained during CLE retain fluorescein, show excellent delineation of mucosal structures without additional staining, allow the evaluation of mucosal microvasculature and vascular permeability, and are suitable for immunostaining.
The majority of p-CLE videos demonstrated insufficient quality in more than half of the time recorded. Post hoc accuracy of p-CLE was significantly lower in comparison with real-time accuracy of CLE and NBI.
By p-CLE, it is possible to identify specific crypt architecture modifications associated with changes in cellular infiltration and vessels architecture, highlighting a good correspondence between p-CLE features and histology.
Real-time and offline interpretations of p-CLE images are moderately accurate. Real-time interpretation is slightly less accurate than offline diagnosis.
p-CLE demonstrated higher sensitivity in predicting histology of small polyps compared with NBI, whereas NBI had higher specificity. When used in combination, the accuracy of pCLE and NBI was extremely high, approaching the accuracy of histopathology.
Confocal endomicroscopy increases the sensitivity for detecting residual neoplasia after colorectal EMR compared with endoscopy alone. In combination with virtual chromoendoscopy, the accuracy is extremely high, and sensitivity approaches that of histopathology.
The attempt at creating classification criteria for probe-based CLE did not consistently distinguish advanced from nonadvanced adenomas and, therefore, is not useful in applying a “diagnose, resect, and discard” strategy.
Three different confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) diagnostic systems including Maiz, Sanduleanu, and Qilu for the prediction of colorectal hyperplastic polyp or adenoma have a high accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity.
As a result of CLE analysis, IBS patients have significantly more epithelial gaps in their small intestine compared with healthy controls, which may be a cause of altered intestinal permeability observed in IBS.
Based on CLE analysis of IBS patients with a suspected food intolerance, exposure to candidate food antigens caused immediate breaks, increased intervillous spaces, and increased IELs in the intestinal mucosa.
