tDCS and Robotics on Upper Limb Stroke Rehabilitation: Effect Modification by Stroke Duration and Type of Stroke
Table 1
Clinical and demographic characteristics.
Real-tDCS + RAT ()
Sham-tDCS + RAT ()
Total ()
value
Age (years)
Mean (SD)
52.7 (16.0)
64.3 (9.7)
58.2 (14.4)
0.03
Median
58
67
66
Sex (M/F)
5/7
7/4
12/11
0.29
Stroke etiology (ischemic/hemorrhagic)
10/2
9/2
19/4
0.28
Affected hemisphere (right/left)
3/9
5/6
8/15
0.30
Stroke type (subcortical/ cortical)
3/9
6/5
9/14
0.15
Stroke onset (weeks)
Mean (SD)
40.7 (35.1)
78.2 (61.9)
58.6 (52.2)
0.22
Median
26
108
48
Subacute stroke (<6 months)
5
4
9
—
Chronic stroke (>6 months)
7
7
14
—
FMA-UE baseline
Mean (SD)
24.08 (16.60)
21.45 (13.23)
22.83 (14.85)
0.73
Median
20
17
18
BBT baseline
Mean (SD)
10.42 (15.47)
6.55 (11.67)
8.56 (13.62)
0.60
Median
2.5
0
0
MAL-AOM baseline
Mean (SD)
0.67 (0.9)
0.59 (1.02)
0.63 (0.94)
0.70
Median
0.28
0.15
0.21
MAL-QOM baseline
Mean (SD)
0.69 (1.01)
0.59 (1.17)
0.64 (1.07)
0.77
Median
0.14
0.15
0.14
tDCS = transcranial direct current stimulation; = number; SD= standard deviation; M/F = male/female; FMA-UE = Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremity; BBT = Box and Block Test; MAL = Motor Activity Log; AOM = Amount of Movement; QOM = Quality of Movement; value = difference between real-tDCS + robot-assisted arm training group and sham-tDCS + robot-assisted arm training group.
