tDCS and Robotics on Upper Limb Stroke Rehabilitation: Effect Modification by Stroke Duration and Type of Stroke

Table 2

Functional tests results (FMA-UE, BBT, and MAL) with significances.

	Real-tDCS + RAT ()		Sham-tDCS + RAT ()		value
	Mean (SD)	Median	Mean (SD)	Median
FMA-UE
Pre	24.08 (16.60)	20	21.09 (13.19)	17
Post	28.5 (18.96)	23	26.64 (16.12)	22
pre-post	5.17 (4.30)	4.5	5.5 (4.97)	5	0.82
BBT
Pre	10.42 (15.47)	2.5	6.55 (11.67)	0
Post	12.67 (17.23)	3.5	8.55 (14.07)	1
pre-post	2.25 (3.05)	1.5	2 (8.39)	0	0.057
MAL-AOM
Pre	0.68 (0.90)	0.28	0.59 (1.02)	0.15
Post	1.09 (1.36)	0.32	0.89 (1.38)	0.43
pre-post	0.41 (0.73)	0	0.3 (0.67)	0	0.61
MAL-QOM
Pre	0.69 (1.01)	0.14	0.59 (1.17)	0.15
Post	1.05 (1.43)	0.25	0.85 (1.50)	0.29
pre-post	0.36 (0.72)	0	0.26 (0.61)	0	0.51

tDCS = transcranial direct current stimulation; RAT = robot-assisted training; SD = standard deviation; FMA-UE = Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremity; BBT = Box and Block Test; MAL = Motor Activity Log; AOM = Amount of Movement; QOM = Quality of Movement; pre-post = changes between posttreatment and baseline; value = difference between mean changes from baseline of real-tDCS + robot-assisted arm training group versus sham-tDCS + robot-assisted arm training group. = or = within-group differences in pre-post treatment.