In Vivo and In Vitro Genotoxic and Epigenetic Effects of Two Types of Cola Beverages and Caffeine: A Multiassay Approach
Table 3
Genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity of CCC, CFCC, and CAF in the Drosophila wing spot test.
Compound
Clones per wings (number of spots)
Frequency of clone formation per 105 cells
Recombination (%)
IP (%)
Number of wings
Small single spots (1-2 cells) = 2
Large simple spots (>2 cells) = 5
Twin spots = 5
Total spots = 2
Observed
Control corrected
H2O
mwh/flr3
80
0.25 (20)
0.013 (1)
0
0.263 (21)
1.078
mwh/TM3
80
0.04 (3)
0
0.04 (3)
0.17
H2O2 (0.15 M)
mwh/flr3
80
0.313 (25)
0.088 (7)
0.038 (3)
0.438 (35)+
1.795
0.717
54.37
mwh/TM3
80
0.188 (15)
0.013 (1)
0.20 (16)
0.819
0.286
Simple treatment (mwh/flr3)
CCC (mg/mL)
3.125
80
0.275 (22)
0.025 (2)
0
0.3 (24)−
1.23
0.152
100
78
0.19 (15)
0.038 (3)
0.026 (2)
0.256 (20)−
1.05
−0.028
CFCC (mg/mL)
3.125
80
0.175 (14)
0.075 (6)
0
0.25 (20)−
1.025
−0.053
100
80
0.225 (18)
0.075 (6)
0
0.3 (24)−
1.23
0.152
Caffeine (mM)
0.016
80
0.26 (21)
0.03 (3)
0
0.3 (24)−
1.23
0.152
0.51
86
0.21 (18)
0.058 (5)
0.012 (1)
0.28 (24)−
1.148
0.07
Combined treatment (mwh/flr3)
CCC (mg/mL)
3.125
82
0.11 (9)
0.037 (3)
0
0.146 (12)
0.6
−0.478
74.6
166.67
100
83
0.217 (18)
0.048 (4)
0
0.265 (22)
1.086
0.008
69.8
98.88
CFCC (mg/mL)
3.125
82
0.195 (16)
0.073 (6)
0
0.268 (22)
1.1
0.022
55.5
96.93
100
80
0.175 (14)
0.05 (4)
0
0.225 (18)
0.922
−0.156
64.4
121.76
Caffeine (mM)
0.016
80
0.16 (13)
0.025 (2)
0
0.188 (15)
0.77
−0.308
89.6
142.96
0.51
80
0.325 (26)
0.125 (10)
0
0.45 (36)Δ
1.844
0.766
Combined treatment (mwh/TM3)
CCC (mg/mL)
3.125
79
0.038 (3)
0
0.038 (3)
0.158
−0.35
100
80
0.08 (6)
0
0.08 (6)
0.328
−0.21
CFCC (mg/mL)
3.125
82
0.12 (10)
0
0.12 (10)β
0.49
0.32
100
80
0.08 (6)
0
0.08 (6)
0.328
0.158
Caffeine (mM)
0.016
82
0.02 (2)
0
0.02 (2)
0.08
−0.09
0.51
Statistical diagnosis according to Frei and Würgler [44]: + (positive) and − (negative) versus negative control; (positive), Δ (negative), and β (inconclusive) versus respective positive control; : multiplication factor. Kastenbaum-Bowman Test without Bonferroni correction; probability levels: α = β = 0.05. Number of spots in parentheses. Frequency of clone formation: clones/wings/24,400 cells. Recombination percentage is calculated according to Valadares et al. [38]. Inhibition percentage values were included when appropriate. Balancers-heterozygous wings.
