Phytochemical, Antimicrobial, and Toxicological Evaluation of Traditional Herbs Used to Treat Sore Throat

Table 1

List of plants used in herbal medicine for the treatment of sore throat.

Serial number	Plant name	Family name	Common name	Part of plant used	Voucher number
1	Adhatoda vasica (L.)	Acanthaceae	Nees	Leaves	ZD-IM-01
2	Aloe vera (L.)	Xanthorrhoeaceae	Alovera	Leaves	ZD-IM-02
3	Althaea officinalis (L.)	Malvaceae	Marshmallow	Flowers, leaves	ZD-IM-03
4	Cinnamomum zeylanicum (L.)	Lauraceae	Cinnamon	Bark	ZD-IM-04
5	Cordia latifolia (Roxb.)	Boraginaceae	Sapistan, lasori	Fruits	ZD-IM-05
6	Emblica officinalis (Gaertn.)	Euphorbiaceae	Indian gooseberry	Fruits	ZD-IM-06
7	Eugenia caryophyllata (L.)	Myrtaceae	Clove	Fruit	ZD-IM-07
8	Glycyrrhiza glabra (L.)	Leguminosae	Liquorice	Roots	ZD-IM-08
9	Hyssopus officinalis (L.)	Lamiaceae	Hyssop	Leaves, flowers	ZD-IM-09
10	Lawsonia inermis (L.)	Lythraceae	Henna	Leaves	ZD-IM-10
11	Linum usitatissimum (L.)	Linaceae	Flax seed	Seed	ZD-IM-11
12	Malva sylvestris (L.)	Malvaceae	Mallow	Flowers	ZD-IM-12
13	Matricaria chamomilla (L.)	Asteraceae	Chamomile	Flowers	ZD-IM-13
14	Mentha piperita (L.)	Lamiaceae	Mint	Leaves	ZD-IM-14
15	Moringa oleifera (Lam.)	Moringaceae	Moringa, drumstick tree	Leaves	ZD-IM-15
16	Morus alba (L.)	Moraceae	White mulberry	Fruits, leaves	ZD-IM-16
17	Ocimum basilicum (L.)	Labiatae	Basil	Leaves	ZD-IM-17
18	Onosma bracteatum (L.)	Boraginaceae	Gao zuban	Leaves, flowers	ZD-IM-18
19	Origanum vulgare (L.)	Labiatae	Oregano	Leaves	ZD-IM-19
20	Pimpinella anisum (L.)	Umbelliferae	Anise	Fruit	ZD-IM-20
21	Piper longum (L.)	Piperaceae	Long pepper	Fruit	ZD-IM-21
22	Saussurea lappa (L.)	Compositae	Kuth	Root	ZD-IM-22
23	Sisymbrium irio (L.)	Brassicaceae	London rocket	Seeds	ZD-IM-23
24	Syzygium cumini (L.)	Myrtaceae	Jambolan	Fruit, leaves	ZD-IM-24
25	Thymus vulgaris (L.)	Lamiaceae	Thyme	Leaves	ZD-IM-25
26	Viola odorata (L.)	Violaceae	Sweet violet	Leaves, flowers	ZD-IM-26
27	Vitis vinifera (L.)	Vitaceae	Grapes	Leaves, fruits	ZD-IM-27
28	Zingiber officinale (Roscoe)	Zingiberaceae	Ginger	Root	ZD-IM-28
29	Ziziphus jujuba (mill.)	Rhamnaceae	Red date	Fruit	ZD-IM-29

The plants materials were dried in shades, identified by the help of Dr. Muhammad Nasir (Taxonomist, Department of Botany, University of the Punjab), and kept in Microbiology and Immunology Laboratory (Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab) under the voucher numbers listed above.