Primary Tumor Characteristics Are Important Prognostic Factors for Sorafenib-Treated Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Retrospective Multicenter Study

Table 2

Multivariate analyses of prognostic factors for progression-free survival in all sorafenib-treated patients ().

Category	Univariate analysis of PFS			Multivariate analysis of PFS
	Hazard ratio	value	Confidence interval	Hazard ratio	value	Confidence interval
Gender, female	0.76	0.228	0.48–1.19
Age ≥65 years	1.10	0.620	0.76–1.59
KPS <80%	1.15	0.654	0.63–2.09
LDH >1.5x ULN	1.32	0.511	0.57–3.04
Hemoglobin <LLN	1.62	0.012	1.11–2.37	0.86	0.724	0.36–2.02
cCa >10 mg/dL	0.88	0.769	0.39–2.02
Time from diagnosis to treatment <1 year	1.99	<0.001	1.37–2.90	1.32	0.531	0.56–3.12
Leukocytosis	1.82	0.114	0.87–3.80
Thrombocytosis	3.24	0.002	1.54–6.82	0.70	0.677	0.13–3.75
Hypoalbuminemia	1.23	0.541	0.64–2.36
Prior nephrectomy	0.83	0.751	0.26–2.63
Prior metastasectomy	0.93	0.723	0.61–1.41
Brain metastasis	0.97	0.881	0.64–1.47
Bone metastasis	1.38	0.117	0.92–2.07
Liver metastasis	2.01	0.025	1.09–3.71	1.66	0.377	0.54–5.08
Lung metastasis	0.77	0.192	0.52–1.14
Lymph node metastasis	1.24	0.340	0.80–1.93
Pancreas	1.17	0.673	0.57–2.40
Contralateral kidney	0.22	0.036	0.05–0.91	0.29	0.286	0.03–2.80
Metastatic sites
1	1.00
2-3	1.04	0.845	0.71–1.52
≥4	1.29	0.532	0.58–2.85
T stage
T1-2	1.00			1.00
T3-4	1.55	0.028	1.05–1.52	2.56	0.034	1.08–6.09
N1	2.26	0.001	1.38–2.85	1.31	0.714	0.31–5.54
M1	1.98	0.033	1.06–2.30	0.84	0.721	0.31–2.22
Fuhrman grade
1-2	1.00
3-4	0.96	0.857	0.63–3.68
Tumor-related factor
Primary tumor size
<4 cm	1.00			1.00
4–7 cm	0.92	0.811	0.45–1.87	0.54	0.281	0.18–1.66
>7 cm	0.78	0.447	0.40–1.49	0.34	0.045	0.12–0.98
Collecting system invasion	1.67	0.045	1.01–2.74	0.73	0.582	0.24–2.23
Capsule invasion	1.01	0.981	0.62–1.64
Lymphovascular invasion	2.13	0.004	1.27–3.57	2.01	0.324	0.5–8.09
Tumor necrosis	2.13	0.003	1.30–3.47	2.36	0.055	0.98–5.65
Immunotherapy	1.00
Other therapy	0.96	0.858	0.62–1.5

KPS, Karnofsky performance status; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; ULN, upper limit normal; LLN, lower limit normal; cCa, corrected calcium.