The Prognostic Value of Combined Smoking and Alcohol Consumption Habits for the Estimation of Cause-Specific Mortality in Middle-Age and Elderly Population: Results from a Long-Term Cohort Study in Lithuania
Table 2
Hazard ratios (HR) and subdistribution hazard ratios for cause-specific mortality according to the risk factors in women group (univariate analyses).
Characteristics
All-cause deaths
CVD
Cancer
External causes of death
Events
HR (95% CI)
Events
SHR (95% CI)
Events
SHR (95% CI)
Events
SHR (95% CI)
Age, years
866
1.10 (1.09–1.12)
<0.0001
318
1.14 (1.13–1.16)
<0.0001
279
1.04 (1.03–1.05)
<0.0001
31
1.07 (1.02–1.12)
0.007
Smoking habits
Never
801
1
292
1
262
1
27
1
Former
25
1.18 (0.79–1.75)
0.427
13
1.72 (1.00–2.97)
0.049
5
0.66 (0.27–1.61)
0.364
1
1.22 (0.17–8.92)
0.847
Current
40
1.19 (0.87–1.63)
0.288
13
0.98 (0.57–1.71)
0.956
12
1.01 (0.57–1.81)
0.969
3
2.28 (0.69–7.51)
0.177
Alcohol consumption category
None
259
1
85
1
75
1
8
1
1–14 units/week
603
0.60 (0.52–0.69)
<0.0001
233
0.66 (0.52–0.85)
0.001
201
0.73 (0.56–0.95)
0.019
23
0.77 (0.35–1.71)
0.517
>14 units/week
4
0.38 (0.14–1.02)
0.056
0
—
—
3
0.98 (0.31–3.12)
0.978
0
—
—
Alcohol consumption category
None
259
1.67 (1.45–1.93)
<0.0001
85
1.51 (1.17–1.93)
0.001
75
1.38 (1.05–1.80)
0.019
8
1.30 (0.59–2.89)
0.517
1–14 units/week
603
1
233
1
201
1
23
1
>14 units/week
4
0.64 (0.24–1.70)
0.369
0
—
—
3
1.35 (0.43–4.21)
0.602
0
—
—
Total cholesterol, mmol/L
866
1.13 (1.08–1.19)
<0.0001
318
1.18 (1.10–1.27)
<0.001
279
1.07 (0.99–1.17)
0.091
31
0.87 (0.66–1.16)
0.354
SBP, mmHg
866
1.02 (1.01–1.02)
<0.0001
318
1.02 (1.02–1.03)
<0.0001
279
1.00 (1.00–1.01)
0.033
31
1.00 (0.99–1.02)
0.438
BMI, kg/m2
866
1.05 (1.04–1.07)
<0.0001
318
1.07 (1.05–1.08)
<0.0001
279
1.03 (1.01–1.04)
0.002
31
1.03 (0.98–1.09)
0.196
Diabetes mellitus type 2
No
808
1
294
1
269
1
30
1
Yes
58
3.98 (3.05–5.20)
<0.0001
24
4.31 (2.76–6.74)
<0.0001
10
1.35 (0.71–2.58)
0.355
1
1.17 (0.16–8.67)
0.875
Education level
Incomplete secondary
448
1
179
1
109
1
21
1
Secondary
310
0.54 (0.46–0.62)
<0.0001
109
0.44 (0.35–0.56)
<0.0001
111
0.85 (0.65–1.10)
0.220
7
0.22 (0.09–0.54)
0.001
University or college
108
0.32 (0.26–0.40)
<0.0001
30
0.22 (0.15–0.32)
<0.0001
59
0.81 (0.59–1.11)
0.143
3
0.20 (0.06–0.66)
0.009
Marital status
Married
671
1
241
1
240
1
22
1
Single
32
0.74 (0.52–1.05)
0.090
13
0.86 (0.49–1.51)
0.588
7
0.45 (0.21–0.96)
0.038
1
0.71 (0.10–5.31)
0.741
Widowed
97
1.65 (1.34–2.05)
<0.0001
38
2.10 (1.49–2.96)
<0.0001
15
0.63 (0.37–1.07)
0.088
3
1.34 (0.40–4.48)
0.633
Divorced
66
1.08 (0.83–1.39)
0.577
26
1.17 (0.78–1.76)
0.449
17
0.75 (0.46–1.25)
0.272
5
2.59 (0.99–6.81)
0.053
CI: confidence interval, CVD: cardiovascular diseases, BMI: body mass index, SBP: systolic blood pressure, and SD: standard deviation. CVD excluded those with previous CVD at the entry. SHR: subdistribution hazard risk; follow-up, years, mean (SD) 22.35 (7.79).
