Major Maternal Dietary Patterns during Early Pregnancy and Their Association with Neonatal Anthropometric Measurement

Table 4

Energy and nutrients intake of the study participants across different categories of western dietary pattern score.

	Western dietary pattern score				P
	Q1; (<−0.84)	Q2; (−0.84, −0.17)	Q3; (−0.17, 0.74)	Q4; (>0.74)
Energy (kcal/day)	1664.48±597.61^1	1770.78±589.11	2137.48±530.90	2499.67±488.63	<0.001
Carbohydrates (g/day)	211.54±83.51	244.58±89.93	289.14±76.29	341.10±70.09	<0.001
Fat (g/day)	54.20±29.34	62.58±29.57	79.67±30.17	96.24±34.33	<0.001
Protein (g/day)	71.22±33.01	75.33±28.40	89.75±28.46	102.15±25.30	<0.001
Dietary Fiber (g/day)	22.18±9.93	26.82±10.53	34.48±11.69	41.27±10.96	<0.001
Cholesterol (mg/day)	184.85±106.71	206.71±104.05	261.66±102.22	316.83±89.82	<0.001
Total SFA (g/day)	18.06±10.47	20.06±9.09	26.34±11.20	32.25±12.43	<0.001
Total MUFA (g/day)	15.67±9.26	17.06±6.58	22.08±8.35	25.91±8.76	<0.001
Total PUFA (g/day)	9.47±5.11	10.98±4.66	15.10±6.25	18.50±6.26	<0.001
Vitamin B1 (mg/day)	1.30±0.57	1.39±0.61	1.51±0.60	1.62±0.54	<0.001
Vitamin B2 (mg/day)	1.98±1.14	2.10±1.14	2.46±1.07	2.73±1.11	<0.001
Vitamin B3 (mg/day)	14.40±5.92	15.64±7.49	16.94±8.19	17.41±6	<0.001
Vitamin B5 (mg/day)	5.37±2.64	5.80±2.75	6.50±2.72	7.11±2.64	<0.001
Vitamin B6 (mg/day)	1.68±0.86	1.78±0.91	2±0.91	2.12±0.88	<0.001
Vitamin B9 (μg/day)	442.48±224.57	463.44±199.86	527.60±193.20	580.48±196.49	<0.001
Vitamin B12 (μg/day)	4.45±3.13	4.39±2.57	5.02±2.94	5.31±2.37	0.001
Vitamin C (mg/day)	149.67±100.08	197.06±124.74	243.65±104	294.45±105.82	<0.001
Vitamin D (μg/day)	2.23±2.64	2.33±1.91	3.07±2.27	3.49±1.71	<0.001
Vitamin E (mg/day)	8.56±4.72	9.40±4.67	10.72±4.13	11.53±3.66	<0.001
Vitamin K (μg/day)	293.18±269.79	294.98±266.17	323.85±316.01	309.14±248.97	<0.001
Vitamin A (RE/day)	564.08±421.46	611.98±372.25	779.70±501.18	858.37±443.16	<0.001
Beta carotene (μg/day)	4313.24±3918.66	4561.48±3839.90	5614.30±4889.62	5646.16±4057.77	0.001
Calcium (mg/day)	1178.93±719.68	1215.76±611.39	1354.41±528.62	1496.17±462.83	<0.001
Magnesium (mg/day)	309.02±138.20	355.81±137.75	442.82±187.63	511.89±164.72	<0.001
Fe (mg/day)	10.62±5.50	11.86±4.80	14.32±5.64	16.47±5.09	<0.001
Manganese (mg/day)	3.14±1.49	3.54±1.58	4.12±1.43	4.61±1.42	<0.001
Na (mg/day)	2745.34±1430.81	3048.21±1476.99	3298.15±1212.62	3509.50±1114.85	<0.001
K (mg/day)	3250.01±1554.92	3729.22±1369.57	4709.18±1700.96	5374.23±1588.77	0.6
Zinc (mg/day)	10.34±4.52	11.26±5.20	13.43±6.23	15.10±5.21	<0.001
Copper (mg/day)	1.19±0.56	1.39±0.58	1.72±0.65	2.05±0.58	<0.001
Selenium (μg/day)	61.89±27.44	67.61±27.55	79.18±27.72	90.72±22.46	<0.001
Chromium (μg/day)	0.010±0.014	0.017±0.024	0.016±0.016	0.019±0.016	<0.001

MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid; SFA: saturated fatty acid.
from analysis of variance.
are presented as mean± SD.