Prepregnancy Obesity, Maternal Dietary Intake, and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in the Fetomaternal Unit

Table 2

Bivariate relation between oxidative stress markers and characteristics of the studied population.

Variable	Maternal serum MDA; (µmol/L); β (95% CI)	Cord serum MDA; (µmol/L); β (95% CI)	Maternal serum TAC; (nmol/µl/µg protein); β (95% CI)	Cord serum; TAC; (nmol/µl/µg protein); β (95% CI)	GPx4; (Log A.U.O.D.); β (95% CI)
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m^2)	-0.002	0.0009	-0.01	-0.004	-0.01
	(-0.02, 0.02)	(-0.01, 0.01)	(-0.06, 0.04)	(-0.07, 0.06)	(-0.03, 0.001)
Gestational age (weeks)	0.08	0.04	-0.01	-0.15	-0.07
	(0.02, 0.13)	(0.01, 0.08)	(-0.20, 0.18)	(-0.40, 0.10)	(-0.11, -0.03)
Type of delivery (partum vs c-section)	-0.09	-0.04	-0.20	0.22	-0.10
	(-0.31, 0.13)	(-0.18, 0.10)	(-0.86, 0.47)	(-0.69, 1.13)	(-0.27, 0.08)
Passive smoking	0.10	0.05	-0.09	-1.10	-0.07
	(-0.18, 0.39)	(-0.12, .23)	(-0.87, 0.70)	(-2.07, -0.13)	(-0.28, 0.15)
Energy (per 1000 kcal)	0.05	-0.01	0.04	-0.05	0.04
	(-0.11, 0.22)	(-0.12, 0.10)	(-0.48, 0.56)	(-0.75, 0.65)	(-0.10, 0.17)
Proteins (g/100 kcal)	0.11	0.01	0.19	-0.05	0.03
	(-0.07, 0.30)	(-0.11, 0.13)	(-0.35, 0.73)	(-0.78, 0.69)	(-0.12, 0.18)
Fats (g/100 kcal)	-0.04	-0.01	0.02	0.06	0.02
	(-0.19, 0.11)	(-0.11, 0.09)	(-0.45, 0.49)	(-0.55, 0.66)	(-0.15, 0.11)
Iron (mg/100 kcal)	0.31	0.21	0.38	-0.77	0.02
	(-0.01, 0.64)	(0.00, 0.42)	(-0.63, 1.40)	(-2.15, 0.62)	(-0.27, 0.30)
Magnesium (mg/100 kcal)	-0.0003	-0.01	-0.04	-0.05	0.005
	(-0.04, 0.04)	(-0.03, 0.01)	(-0.16, 0.08)	(-0.20, 0.10)	(-0.02, 0.03)
Zinc (mg/100 kcal)	0.80	-0.03	2.33	0.15	-0.61
	(-0.21, 1.80)	(-0.70, 0.63)	(-0.76, 5.42)	(-3.88, 4.17)	(-1.45, 0.23)
Vitamin A (µg/100 kcal)	0.0005	0.01	-0.01	0.005	-0.002
	(-0.007, 0.008)	(0.001, 0.01)	(-0.03, 0.009)	(-0.02, 0.03)	(-0.008, 0.004)
Vitamin C (mg/100 kcal)	0.02	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.003
	(0.001, 0.05)	(0.01, 0.03)	(-0.70, 0.1)	(-0.10, 0.11)	(-0.02, 0.02)
Vitamin E (mg/100 kcal)	-0.08	-0.08	-0.10	0.56	0.18
	(-0.40, 0.24)	(-0.34, 0.17)	(-1.10, 0.88)	(-1.30, 2.41)	(-0.07, 0.43)
Maternal TAC (nmol/µl/µg protein)	0.05	0.04	-	0.32	-0.01
	(-0.08, 0.17)	(-0.05, 0.012)		(-0.21, 0.86)	(-0.13, 0.10)
Maternal MDA (µM)	-	0.44	0.45	-0.93	-0.16
		(0.26, 0.61)	(-0.81, 1.71)	(-2.52, 0.68)	(-0.46, 0.14)
GPx4 (log UADO)	-	-0.38	-	-0.20	-
		(-0.66, -0.11)		(-1.00, 0.60)

MDA: malondialdehyde; TAC: total antioxidant capacity (adjusted for serum proteins). GPx4: glutathione peroxidase 4, logarithm of arbitrary units of optical density.
p<0.05.