Short-Term and Long-Term Blood Pressure Changes and the Risk of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality

Table 3

Associations of short- and long-term BP changes with incident all-cause and CVD mortality compared with participants relative to stable BP of normotension.

BP Category Change	Short-term changes in blood pressure			Long-term changes in blood pressure
	Number	Hazard Ratios (95% CI)	P Values	Number	Hazard Ratio (95%CI)	P Values
Total
All-cause mortality
Normotension to Normotension	1113	1.000 (Ref.)		1324	1.000 (Ref.)
Normotension to Prehypertension	1585	1.179(0.759-1.832)	0.463	3056	1.367(0.894-2.090)	0.150
Normotension to Hypertension	340	1.846(1.092-3.181)	0.023	1140	1.759(1.129-2.742)	0.012
Prehypertension to Normotension	1876	0.943(0.613-1.451)	0.790	1932	1.137(0.718-1.799)	0.592
Prehypertension to Prehypertension	8416	0.861(0.588-1.262)	0.444	8211	1.223(0.823-1.819)	0.317
Prehypertension to Hypertension	2848	1.211(0.818-1.793)	0.339	3769	1.464(0.979-2.189)	0.064
Hypertension to Normotension	486	0.726(0.415-1.272)	0.263	641	1.725(1.073-2.772)	0.022
Hypertension to Prehypertension	3095	0.672(0.437-1.032)	0.070	3819	1.323(0.873-2.007)	0.179
Hypertension to Hypertension	4245	0.893(0.581-1.372)	0.604	6614	1.488(0.982-2.255)	0.052
CVD mortality
Normotension to Normotension	1113	1.000 (Ref.)		1324	1.000 (Ref.)
Normotension to Prehypertension	1585	0.755(0.359-1.590)	0.460	3056	2.409(1.090-5.328)	0.030
Normotension to Hypertension	340	1.568(0.669-3.675)	0.301	1140	1.922(0.820-4.505)	0.127
Prehypertension to Normotension	1876	0.940(0.486-1.817)	0.855	1932	1.774(0.770-4.085)	0.179
Prehypertension to Prehypertension	8416	0.988(0.553-1.764)	0.966	8211	1.803(0.842-3.863)	0.126
Prehypertension to Hypertension	2848	1.200(0.661-2.177)	0.549	3769	2.441(1.136-5.244)	0.022
Hypertension to Normotension	486	0.727(0.319-1.657)	0.449	641	2.924(1.276-6.700)	0.010
Hypertension to Prehypertension	3095	0.819(0.435-1.542)	0.537	3819	2.345(1.083-5.081)	0.028
Hypertension to Hypertension	4245	1.127(0.599-2.119)	0.711	6614	2.591(1.197-5.609)	0.013
Men
All-cause mortality
Normotension to Normotension	271	1.000 (Ref.)		320	1.000 (Ref.)
Normotension to Prehypertension	578	1.179(0.629-2.208)	0.607	1263	1.381(0.745-2.084)	0.306
Normotension to Hypertension	117	1.912(0.882-4.144)	0.101	525	1.892(1.005-2.737)	0.048
Prehypertension to Normotension	682	0.909(0.490-1.686)	0.762	707	1.238(0.639-1.802)	0.527
Prehypertension to Prehypertension	4645	0.775(0.445-1.349)	0.367	4707	1.214(0.677-1.807)	0.515
Prehypertension to Hypertension	1498	1.221(0.695-2.145)	0.488	2182	1.476(0.818-2.154)	0.197
Hypertension to Normotension	165	0.617(0.271-1.406)	0.250	211	1.745(0.874-2.655)	0.114
Hypertension to Prehypertension	1723	0.675(0.370-1.233)	0.201	1798	1.327(0.721-1.997)	0.363
Hypertension to Hypertension	2459	0.822(0.450-1.505)	0.526	3216	1.523(0.829-2.229)	0.175
CVD mortality
Normotension to Normotension	271	1.000 (Ref.)		320	1.000 (Ref.)
Normotension to Prehypertension	578	0.438(0.147-1.309)	0.139	1263	2.77(0.849-9.0360)	0.091
Normotension to Hypertension	117	1.552(0.491-4.907)	0.454	525	2.725(0.805-9.221)	0.107
Prehypertension to Normotension	682	0.735(0.303-1.782)	0.495	707	2.277(0.668-7.759)	0.188
Prehypertension to Prehypertension	4645	0.704(0.322-1.538)	0.379	4707	1.810(0.572-5.726)	0.313
Prehypertension to Hypertension	1498	0.945(0.426-2.096)	0.889	2182	2.438(0.768-7.741)	0.130
Hypertension to Normotension	165	0.267(0.067-1.071)	0.062	211	2.334(0.655-8.320)	0.191
Hypertension to Prehypertension	1723	0.612(0.265-1.415)	0.251	1798	2.388(0.743-7.676)	0.144
Hypertension to Hypertension	2459	0.779(0.337-1.802)	0.559	3216	2.634(0.821-8.455)	0.104
Women
All-cause mortality
Normotension to Normotension	842	1.000 (Ref.)		1004	1.000 (Ref.)
Normotension to Prehypertension	1007	1.064(0.565-2.001)	0.848	1793	1.316(0.723-2.394)	0.368
Normotension to Hypertension	223	1.633(0.773-3.453)	0.199	615	1.514(0.789-2.908)	0.212
Prehypertension to Normotension	1194	0.922(0.500-1.701)	0.796	1225	1.008(0.528-1.924)	0.981
Prehypertension to Prehypertension	3771	0.920(0.537-1.574)	0.760	3504	1.174(0.677-2.033)	0.568
Prehypertension to Hypertension	1350	1.023(0.581-1.802)	0.937	1587	1.374(0.783-2.410)	0.268
Hypertension to Normotension	321	0.749(0.342-1.641)	0.471	430	1.604(0.829-3.103)	0.161
Hypertension to Prehypertension	1372	0.535(0.280-1.020)	0.058	2021	1.218(0.684-2.170)	0.504
Hypertension to Hypertension	1786	0.864(0.457-1.632)	0.652	3398	1.368(0.767-2.439)	0.289
CVD mortality
Normotension to Normotension	842	1.000 (Ref.)		1004	1.000 (Ref.)
Normotension to Prehypertension	1007	1.083(0.383-3.064)	0.880	1793	1.878(0.623-5.664)	0.263
Normotension to Hypertension	223	1.430(0.400-5.121)	0.582	615	0.693(0.155-3.102)	0.632
Prehypertension to Normotension	1194	1.157(0.429-3.116)	0.773	1225	1.240(0.380-4.048)	0.721
Prehypertension to Prehypertension	3771	1.376(0.576-3.291)	0.473	3504	1.775(0.636-4.954)	0.273
Prehypertension to Hypertension	1350	1.363(0.549-3.385)	0.504	1587	2.449(0.874-6.859)	0.088
Hypertension to Normotension	321	1.489(0.482-4.596)	0.489	430	3.330(1.107-10.023)	0.032
Hypertension to Prehypertension	1372	0.987(0.370-2.634)	0.979	2021	2.147(0.759-6.070)	0.150
Hypertension to Hypertension	1786	1.608(0.609-4.245)	0.338	3398	2.453(0.868-6.929)	0.090

Abbreviations: normotension: subjects with blood pressure (BP) <120/80 mmHg; prehypertension: subjects with BP of 120-139/80-89 mmHg; hypertension: subjects with BP≥140/90mmHg or antihypertensive treatment. Adjusted age, gender, ethnicity, SBP, DBP, BMI, education level, physical activity, current drinking, current smoking, history of CVD diseases, family history of hypertension, history of diabetes, history of hyperlipidemia, and antihypertensive treatment.