Combined Optimized Effect of a Highly Self-Organized Nanosubstrate and an Electric Field on Osteoblast Bone Cells Activity

Figure 1

The three types of titanium substrates involved in the study: (a) smooth, unprocessed titanium; (b) rough, anodized titanium; and (c) anodic titanium dioxide nanotubes.

(a)

(b)

(c)