Combined Optimized Effect of a Highly Self-Organized Nanosubstrate and an Electric Field on Osteoblast Bone Cells Activity

Figure 3

Optical micrographs of osteoblasts on TCP substrate: (a) control sample, no electrical stimulation; (b) electrical stimulation, 1V, 20 min; (c) electrical stimulation, 0.7V, 2 hours; and (d) electrical stimulation, 0.3V, 3 hours.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)