Study Mean age E(C) No. of patients analyzed E(C) Months since onset E(C) VR Intervention Control Intervention Outcome Measures Bang (2016) [10 ] 62.2 (63.2) 20 (20) 30.4 (31.6) Wii board balance system: yoga, muscular strength exercise, aerobic exercise, balancing exercise 40 min 3 d/w 8 wks low-speed treadmills 40 min 3 d/w 8 wks Lt/Rt WB Ant/post WB Affected side -stance phase -swing phase Cadence Calabrò (2017) [11 ] 60.0 (63.0) 12 (12) 8.0 (8.0) VR+RAGT (robotic assist gait training) 45min 5d/w 8 RAGT (robotic assist gait training) 45min 5d/w 8 RMI POMA MAS Cho (2012) [12 ] 65.2 (63.1) 11 (11) 12.5 (12.6) Nintendo Wii balance training (balance Bubble, ski slalom, ski jump, soccer heading, table tilting, penguin slide 30 min + Standard training (PT, OT) 30 min 5 d/w 6 wks Standard training (PT, OT) 30 min 5 d/w 6 wks PSV-apeo PSV-mleo PSV-apec PSV-mlec BBS / TUG Cho (2014) [13 ] 65.7 (63.5) 15 (15) 13.8 (15.3) Treadmill training based real-world video recording: 30 min 3d/w, 6 wks + PT (NDT, PNF) 30 min, OT (U/E ADL) 30 min, FES 20min 5d/w 6wks Treadmill walking training: 30 min 3 d/w, 6 wks + PT (NDT, PNF) 30 min, OT (U/E ADL) 30 min, FES 20 min 5 d/w 6 wks AP, ML-PSV PSVM BBS / TUG Gait speed Cadence SLSP,(%) GC DLSP,(%) GC Step length Stride length da Silva Ribeiro (2015) [14 ] 53.7 (52,8) 15 (15) 42.1 (60.4) Nintendo (tennis, hula hoop, soccer, boxing games) 60 min 2 d/w 8 wks Conventional therapy(stretching, trunk and scapular mobilization, balance, UL diagonal movement, gripping, gait) 60 min 2 d/w 8 wks FMA SF-36 Fluet (2015) [15 ] X (X) 10 (11) 60.0 (87.0) Robotic/virtually simulated, arm and finger rehabilitation activities: 180 min 4 d/w 2 wks Repetitive task practice on arm and finger activities: 180 min 4 d/w 2 wks WMFT FMA-UE RGT In (2016) [16 ] 57.0 (54.0) 13 (12) 12.5 (13.6) (VR reflection therapy 30min + Conventional therapy: patient-specific NDT, PT, OT, ST 30 min) 5 d/w 4wks (Placebo VR 30min 5d/w 4wks 30min + Conventional therapy: patient-specific NDT, PT, OT, ST 30min) 5d/w 4wks BBS / FRTTUG EO APS, MLS, TSEC APS, MLS, TS10mWV Jang (2005) [17 ] 59.8 (54.4) 5 (5) 13.8 (13.4) VR(reaching, lifting, and grasping motor skills game) 60min 5d/w 4wks No treatment BBT MFT FMA-UE Kim (2015) [18 ] X (X) 10 (7) >6 Community-based virtual reality scene exposure combined with treadmill training: 30 min 3d/w 4wks + Conventional PT (muscle strengthening, balance training, and indoor and outdoor gait training): 60 min 5d/w 4wks Over ground walking, stair walking, slope walking, and unstable surface walking for 570 m 30 min 3 d/w 4 wks + Conventional PT(muscle strengthening, balance training, and indoor and outdoor gait training): 60 min 5 d/w 4 wks PSPL AP PSPL ML PSPL total APSS Kiper (2014) [19 ] 63.1 (65.5) 23 (21) >12 Reinforced feedback in virtual environment: grasping and reaching movement 120 min 5 d/w 4 wks Exercises of various movements in a horizontal or vertical plane 120 min 5 d/w 4 wks FMA-UE FIM Movement -Time(sec) -Speed (cm/sec) -Peak (n) Lee D (2014) [20 ] 58.3 (65.4) 12 (12) 9.3 (8.9) VRRE (Asymmetric training on hand): 30 min 5 d/w 4 wks + Standard rehabilitation training: gait, strengthening 60 min 5 d/w 4 wks + FES 25 m in 5 d/w 4 wks Symmetric training on hand: 30min 5d/w 4wks + Standard rehabilitation training: NDT(gait, strengthening): 60 min 5 d/w 4 wks + FES 25 min 5 d/w 4 wks FMA-UE BBT Grip strength MAS-UE Lee H (2015) [21 ] 45.9 (49.2) 12 (12) >6 VR training(sitting posture, knee bend & other leg knee extend, tightrope walking, penguin teeter-totter seesaw, balance skiing, rolling marble board, balance Wii) 30 min 3 d/w 6 wks + General exercise 60 min 5 d/w 6 wks Task-oriented training (sit to stand from different heights, task training in standing, balance training on an unstable surface, lifting a leg in place, kicking a ball, stair climbing and descending) 30 min 3 d/w 6 wks + General exercise 60 min 5 d/w 6 wks EOWB COP ECWB COP EONB COP ECNB COP -Path length, -velocity FRT Lee S (2016) [22 ] 69.2 (73.1) 10 (8) 16.2 (17.0) Virtual reality-based bilateral upper extremity training 30min 3d/w 6wks + Conventional OT 30min 5d/w 6wks Watching an irrelevant video in a VR environment with bilateral upper extremity training 30 min 3 d/w 6 wks + Conventional OT 30 min 5 d/w 6 wks JHFT BBT GPT Strength -biceps, triceps grip strength palmar pinch lateral pinch tip pinch Llorens (2015) [23 ] 58.3 (55.0) 10 (10) 13.6 (19.6) (Audiovisual feedback while performing a stepping task 30 min+ Conventional therapy 30 min) 5 d/w 4 wks Conventional therapy (static standing exercises in different positions, task-specific reaching exercises, stepping tasks, static and dynamic balance exercises, walking exercises under different conditions) 60 min 5 d/w, 4 wks BBS POMA-balance POMA-gait 10-m walking Park (2016 ) [24 ] 61.6 (62.0) 15 (15) >6 Wii Sports & Resort: bowling, table tennis, and canoeing 30 min 5 d/w 4 wks + mental practice 5 min 5 d/w 4 wks Wii Sports and Sports Resort games: bowling, table tennis, and canoeing games 30 min 5 d/w 4 wks FMA-UE BBT MAL-QOM Park (2017) [25 ] 62.0 (65.3) 10 (10) 10.8 (14.1) Xbox Kinect (Boxing, Table tennis, Soccer, Golf, Ski, Football) 30 min+ Conventional PT 30 min 5 d/w, 6 wks Conventional PT(NDT, PNF) 30 min 5 d/w 6 wks FMA-LE BBS TUG 10MWT Sin (2013) [26 ] 71.8 (75.6) 18 (17) 7.2 (8.5) (Xbox Kinect sports and adventure 30 min + standard training 30 min) 3/w 6 wks standard training: 30 min 3 d/w 6 wks ROM-UE FMA-UE BBT Singh (2013) [27 ] 65.4 (67.0) 15 (13) 40.5 (34.9) (Nintendo Balance: Bubble, Xbox 360 Kinect: Rally Ball 30min + standard PT) 90 min 2 d/w 6 wks Standard PT (self-stretching and strengthening exercises, coordination and balance exercises, functional exercises) 120 min 2 d/w 6 wks BI OBS 6MWT 30sSTS TUG T10mWT Song (2015) [28 ] 51.4 (50.1) 20 (20) 14.8 (14.3) Xbox Kinect Sport, Sport Season 2, Adventure, and Kinect Gunstringer 30 min 5 d/w 8 wks ergometer training 30 min 5 d/w 8 wks Affected side WB Forward LOS Backward LOS TUG 10MWT Viana (2014) [29 ] 56.0 (55.0) 10 (10) 31.9 (35.0) VR exercises for the UL (Wii Sports resort, Wii Play Motion, Let’s Tap) 60 min 3 d/w 5 wks + tDCS (primary motor cortex) 13 min 3 d/w 5 wks VR exercises for the UL(Wii Sports resort, Wii Play Motion, Let’s Tap) 60 min 3 d/w 5 wks + sham tDCS (primary motor cortex) 13 min 3 d/w 5 wks FMA-UL WMFT-time WMFT-FAS MAS Grip strength SSQOL SSQOL -UL% Yom (2015) [30 ] 64.6 (78.1) 10 (10) 11.1 (11.6) Virtual reality-based ankle exercise (VRAE): exercising on the floor, balance board, cushion ball, standing on one foot. 30 min 5 d/w 6 wks + Conventional PT 60 min 5 d/w 6 wks Watching an environmental documentary irrelevant to ankle exercise 30 min 5 d/w 6 wks + Conventional PT 60 min 5 d/w 6 wks MAS Tardieu scale TUG Velocity Cadence Step length Stride length Stance time % Swing time % Double limb support