The Immunomodulatory Effect of Alpha-Lipoic Acid in Autoimmune Diseases

Table 2

Evidence of ALA on innate immune cells.

		NK cell	Macrophage	Monocyte
Animal model	EAE		Inhibit the phagocytosis of myelin.	Decrease monocytes infiltration into the CNS.
	High fat diet mice		Suppress infiltration and activation of macrophage to attenuate visceral adipose inflammation.
	BMDM or; RAW 264.7		Decrease the production of MCP-1 and TNF-α induced by LPS.
Normal human		Increase cAMP production to suppress cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production.		Induce the expression of HO-1 by Nrf2.

ALA: α-lipoic acid.
NK cell: natural killer cell.
EAE: experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
CNS: central nervous system.
BMDM: bone marrow-derived macrophages.
MCP-1: monocyte chemotactic protein 1.
TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
LPS: lipopolysaccharide.
cAMP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate.
IFN-γ: interferon-γ.
HO-1: heme oxygenase-1.
Nrf2: nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor.